Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

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The E swimmers presented higher values for vVO 2 max than C, lower π p for S intensity swimming and T400 (240.1±2.5s and 262.7±5.9s, respectively, p>0.01). Neither of the other VO 2 kinetics parameters differed between groups, nor did the heart rate response or the lactate concentration after each square-wave transition. When the entire group is considered, there was a positive correlation between T400 (251.4 ± 4.5s) and π p in both H (15.7±4.8s, r=0.6; p
BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi recruitment of fast-twitch fibers in trained runners? J Appl Physiol, 90(6),2212-20. Carter H., Jones A.M., Barstow T.J., Burnley M., Williams C.A., Doust J.H. (2000). Oxygen uptake kinetics in treadmill running and cycle ergometry: a comparison. J Appl Physiol, 89, 899-907. Carter H., Pringle J.S., Jones A.M., Doust J.A. (2002). Oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running across exercise intensity domains. Eur J Appl Physiol, 86, 347-354. Davison, R.C., Someren, K.A., Jones A.M. (2009). Physiological monitoring of the Olympic athlete. J Sports Sci, DOI: 10.1080/02640410903045337. Demarie, S., Sardella, F., Billat, V., Magini, W., Faina, M. (2001) The VO 2 slow component in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol, 84, 95-99. Fernandes R.J., Keskinen K.L., Colaço P., Querido A.J., Machado L.J., Morais P.A., Novais D.Q., Marinho D.A., Vilas Boas J.P. (2008). Time Limit at VO 2 max Velocity in Elite Crawl Swimmers. Int J Sports Med , 29, 145–50. Ingham S.A., Carter H., Whyte G., Doust J.H. (2007). Comparison of the oxygen uptake kinetics of Club and Olympic champion rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(5), 865-71. Jones A.M., Koppo K. (2005). Effect of training on O 2 kinetics and performance. In: Jones AM & Poole DC, editors. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Sport, Exercise and Medicine. Oxon: Routledge, p. 373-398. Koga S., Tomoyuki S., Kondo N., Barstow T. (1997). Effect of increased muscle temperature on oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise. J Appl Physiol,83(4), 1333-8. Poole D.C., Ward S.A., Gardner G.W., Whipp B.J. (1988). Metabolic and respiratory profile of the upper limit for prolonged exercise in man. Ergonomics, 31, 1265–1279. Reis J.F., Millet G.P., Malatesta D., Roels B., Borrani F., Vleck V.E., Alves F.B. (2010). Are oxygen uptake kinetics modified when using a respiratory snorkel? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, in press. Rodriguez F., Keskinen K., Malvela M., Keskinen O. (2003). Oxygen uptake kinetics in free swimming- a pilot study. In Chatard JC (eds). Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX, Saint Etienne, Publications de l’Université de Saint-Etienne, 379- 384. Winlove M.A., Jones A.M., Welsman J.R. (2010) Influence of training status and exercise modality on pulmonary O 2 uptake kinetics in pre-pubertal girls. Eur J Appl Physiol , DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009- 1320-2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first author gratefully acknowledges the ‘Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal’ (‘The Foundation for Science and Technology’) for their doctoral fellowship award (reference number SFRH/ BD/23351/2005). 222 Maximum Blood Lactate Concentration after two Different Specific Tests in Freestyle Swimming rozi, G. 1 , Thanopoulos, V. 1 , dopsaj, M. 2 1Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Greece 2Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Serbia The purpose of the present study was to compare the blood lactate concentrations after two tests of maximal intensity: a) 2x100 freestyle swimming and b) 4x50m freestyle. Eight competitive swimmers participated in this study. Capillary blood samples were obtained the 3rd, 5th and 7th min after the end of each test. Analysis of the results showed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the lactate concentration in the test of 2x100 and 4x50m freestyle swimming only for females (r=0.871). Moreover, no statistical significance was observed between the test of 4x50 or 2x100 concerning lactic acid accumulation between male and female. The results obtained showed that the tested female swimmers swam at 4x50m more efficiently than their male counterparts. Key words: Freestyle swimming, maximum lactate concentration, gender IntroductIon Lactic acid constitutes a useful tool for the determination of anaerobic capacity for researchers and trainers. The highest lactate levels have been recorded following the swimming distances of 100 and 200 meters (Avlonitou 1996). The energy cost of swimming has been found to dependent on the drag of the athlete, efficiency of stroke mechanics and velocity of movement through the water. Competitive swimming requires intense activity from a large muscle mass. This requirement favours involvement of anaerobic energy release with the subsequent accumulation of lactate in the blood. The measurement of blood lactate concentration has become a common practice of swimming coaches for performance diagnosis and training control in competitive swimming over the last few years (Pelayo et al. 1996; Avlonitou, E. 1996). For researchers and coaches, lactic acid constitutes a useful implement for the determination of anaerobic capacity. Lactic acid is a useful marker of anaerobic capacity for researchers and trainers. Considerable emphasis has been given to the measurement of blood lactate during sub-maximal and maximal swimming efforts. Muscle lactic levels are between 1 – 2 mmol/l in the blood during rest and can increase to between 10 -20 mmol/l during all out effort (Maglischo 2003). The distances that are used to measure maximum lactic acid accumulation are 100m or 200m (Avlonitou, E. 1996). As a result, for the maximum production of lactic acid, efforts of 1 to 2 minutes of full intensity are required. Rate of lactic acid production in muscle fibers depends on swimming speed, rate of oxygen consumption and type of muscle fiber (Maglischo 2003). There is much interest concerning difference in blood lactate accumulation level in male and female swimmers. Indeed, several studies have used the relationship between blood lactate concentration and swimming velocity to determine the appropriate exercise intensities during competition (Sawka et al. 1979; Chatard et al. 1988) or training and to gauge swimmers adaptation to training programs (Mader et al. 1978; Keskinen et al. 1989; Ryan et al. 1990; Costill 1992). In their attempt to improve competition performance, swimmers perform large volumes and/or high intensities of training with, sometimes, insufficient time to recover between workouts (Pelayo et al. 1996). There is little information for the comparison of different maximum efforts in order to determine the most adequate training method for maximal accumulation and tolerance of lactic acid.
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Pahlen Norge AS Pahlen Norge AS Cha
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