Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI

BiomechanicsandmedicineinswimmingXi
the help of a metronome. The duration of the test was 5 minutes (this
is the effort time when 95% of oxygen changes take place in the organism)
(Abbis et al., 2005; Bentley et al., 2007; Costill 1966; Kubukeli et
al., 2002).
Figure 1. Swim Ergometer.
During the experiment the following were noted:
movement frequency (Hz),
force that the person subject to the test was using against the arms of the
ergometer in each pull movement cycle (separately for each arm) (N),
distance that the upper limbs covered in the movement cycle (m),
pulse during the test and restitution time.
The purpose of the test was to observe differences occurring in the
movement economization (physiological cost) of effort before and after
performing the task, by measuring arm work frequency (5 min). The
measure of the economization was the sum of heart rate frequency and
rest time. It was assumed here that the change in the physiological cost
is best shown by the sum of restitution frequency of heart rate according
to the formula proposed by Klarowicz (1970). It was documented on
many occasions that after effort the restitution effectiveness is important
information on the level of tiredness (Abbis et al., 2005; Bentley et al.,
2007; Cox et al., 1988; Kubukeli et al., 2002).
After the group was randomly selected (experimental group I) a
verification of information contents was performed. Its purpose was to
attune the test persons to a conscious perception of stimuli from the
movement apparatus. The verification consisted in individual transmission
of information while working on the swim ergometer. The researcher
was looking for such verbal expressions that could directly translate to
the decrease of effort. The experiment lasted as long as the tested person
could receive an optimal version of the verbal information that would
have a direct bearing on making his/her work more economical while
performing the task on the swim ergometer (Zatoń et al., 2001).
The final version of the verbal information used in the proper experiment
(experimental group II).
Lie on the bench so that you do not feel tension in any part of the
body.
Position your arms in a slightly bent position in elbow joints (10
– 15˚).
During stroke movement slightly bend palms of hands (articulatio
radiocarpea) (5 – 10˚).
Perform the movement fluently (do not move abruptly). During
the experiment concentrate on feeling steady pressure of the surface of
“gauges” on the hand surface.
While feeling the pressure of “the gauges” on the palm receptors, try
to regulate the pressure you are applying so that during the pull movement
you will feel a maximum pressure, while performing the recovery
movement, minimum pressure.
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translate to the decrease of effort. The experiment lasted as long as the tested person
could receive an optimal version of the verbal information that would have a direct
bearing on making his/her work more economical while performing the task on the
swim ergometer (Zatoń et al., 2001).
The final version of the verbal information used in the proper experiment
(experimental group II).
Lie on the bench so that you do not feel tension in any part of the body.
Position your arms in a slightly bent position in elbow joints (10 – 15�).
During stroke movement slightly bend palms of hands (articulatio radiocarpea) (5 –
results
10�).
To determine the relationship between verbal information on perception
concentrate from the on feeling movement steady pressure apparatus of the and surface effort of economization, “gauges” on the hand basic surface. statistical
methods were used. Arithmetic average was measured, as well
as pressure, standard while deviation, performing Student’s the recovery t-test movement, for dependent minimum pressure. tests (within the
same RESULTS groups) and also a simple correlation between the tested features.
Statistical significance was set at the confidence level, p ≤ 0.05.
Perform the movement fluently (do not move abruptly). During the experiment
While feeling the pressure of “the gauges” on the palm receptors, try to regulate the
pressure you are applying so that during the pull movement you will feel a maximum
To determine the relationship between verbal information on perception from the
movement apparatus and effort economization, basic statistical methods were used.
Arithmetic average was measured, as well as standard deviation, Student’s t-test for
dependent tests (within the same groups) and also a simple correlation between the
Table 1. Change in the amount of work (∑ work) and the sum of restitution
tested heart features. pulse Statistical (∑ HR significance rest), in two was set groups at the confidence (Control level, and Experimental
p ≤ 0.05.
I, II) before and after the end of the experiment and the significance of
differences (t). (nK = 16, nE = 16).
Table 1. Change in the amount of work (∑ work) and the sum of restitution heart pulse
(∑ HR rest), in two groups (Control and Experimental I, II) before and after the end of
the experiment and the significance of differences (t). (nK = 16, nE = 16).
Group
Feature
Control
group
test 1
Control
group
test 2
t Experimental
group I
test 1
Experimenta
l group II
test 2
∑ work X 3089 3022 -0.11 3111 3481 3.11*
KJ S 248.12 312.30 298.62 333.18 –
∑ HR X 202 201 -0.02 212 109 -4.10*
rest S 23.14 20.17 22.30 12.33 –
Table 1 shows the results of the experiment. The conclusion is that in
the experimental group II, where the tested person working on the ergometer
was provided with verbal information attuning the person to
conscious perception of senses from the movement apparatus, statistically
relevant differences were achieved. These differences demonstrated
the effectiveness of after effort restitution (significantly better in the
experimental group II).
dIscussIon
Calculation of correlation coefficients proves that there is a relationship
between verbal information and movement economization (Bentley
et al., 2007; Klarowicz, 1970; Kubukeli et al., 2002; Zatoń 2002).
Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that, the information expressed
verbally on how to perform a movement, which should provide certain
impressions, given by the researcher before, during and directly after the
test, may make the tested person aware of the need to properly coordinate
the action (Cox et al., 1988; Zatoń, 1999). Receptors in muscles,
tendons and joints provide the central nervous system with the information
on the movements and limb positions as well as positions of the
other body parts (Arnold, 1988; Kubukeli et al., 2002; Sadowski et al.,
2000). Ligaments transmitting these stimuli constitute a part of the so
called movement neurons. Thanks to the information received from the
nervous system, contractions of single muscles or muscle groups are coordinated,
giving harmonious, subtle and effective movements. An intelligent
teacher – possessing an inherent feature of eliminating excessive
information – may create a hierarchy of verbal information, consciously
drawing learner’s attention to selected fragments of this information. In
the case of this experiment it was our intention to draw the reader’s attention
to a conscious preparation on the part of the learner to perform
selected elements of movements (proper hierarchization of movement
actions and contraction) (Abbis et al., 2005; Arnold, 1988; Bentley et
al., 2007; Cox et al., 1988; Sadowski et al., 2000). It can be stated that
the major role in the movement optimization (economization) is played
by verbal information that allows the learner to become aware of the
essence of actions through self-control (Zatoń 1999; Zatoń et al., 1999;
Zatoń et al., 2001; Zatoń 2002). We are aware, however, that this conclusion
requires further research. Moving certain parts of the body in a
proper way and in a certain sequence requires initiating thinking processes,
i.e. perception, analysis, remembering, etc. as skeletal muscles are
subject to conscious decisions. (Abbis et al., 2005; Arnold 1988; Cox et
al., 1988; Fitts 1996; Strath et al., 2000; Zatoń et al., 2001).
t