Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures disciplines the useof subsidies and regulates actions countries can take to counter the effects ofsubsidies.The Agreement is about “specific” subsidy — i.e. a domestic or export subsidyavailable only to an enterprise, industry, group of enterprises, or group of industriesin the country (or state, etc) that gives the subsidy.Under this agreement, subsidies are classified into two groups: Prohibited subsidies: subsidies that require recipients to meet certain exporttargets, or to use domestic goods instead of imported goods. They areprohibited because they are specifically designed to distort international trade,and are therefore likely to hurt other countries’ trade. They can be challengedin the WTO dispute settlement procedure where they are handled under anaccelerated timetable. If the dispute settlement procedure confirms that thesubsidy is prohibited, it must be withdrawn immediately. Otherwise, thecomplaining country can take counter measures. If domestic producers arehurt by imports of subsidized products, countervailing duty can be imposed.Actionable subsidies: in this category the complaining country has to showthat the subsidy has an adverse effect on its interests. Otherwise the subsidyis permitted. The agreement defines three types of damage they can cause.One country’s subsidies can hurt a domestic industry in an importing country.They can hurt rival exporters from another country when the two compete inthird markets. And domestic subsidies in one country can hurt exporters tryingto compete in the subsidizing country’s domestic market. If the DisputeSettlement Body rules that the subsidy does have an adverse effect, thesubsidy must be withdrawn or its adverse effect must be removed. Again, ifdomestic producers are hurt by imports of subsidized products, countervailingduty can be imposed.Under the agreement, a country can use the WTO’s dispute-settlement procedure toseek the withdrawal of the subsidy or the removal of its adverse effects. Or thecountry can launch its own investigation and ultimately charge extra duty(“countervailing duty”) on subsidized imports that are found to be hurting domesticproducers.5.4 Exceptions to the MFN clause under the WTOThere are some exceptions in the WTO rules in terms of non-discrimination toimported products and services from other WTO members and national treatment toimported products. For example, if a country is a member of a regional tradeagreement, it can offer imports from other members of the RTA more favourabletreatment than to imports outside the RTA. There are also some exceptions due topreferential treatment to developing countries, especially least developed countries.5.4.1 More favourable trade relations among members of Regional tradeAgreementsBy July 2005, among the WTO member countries, only one country, Mongolia, isnot member of any regional trade agreements.17 Since the establishment of WTOin 1995, the number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) has surged. In the 15years since the establishment of the WTO, the number of RTAs notified to the WTOhas exceeded 300, about two and a half times the total notified during the 123 RTAsnotified during the period of GATT (1948-1994). The most well-known RTAs include17 Source: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey1_e.htm. Accessed on 18 April 2011.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 108
the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations.When a WTO member enters into a regional integration arrangement through whichit grants more favourable conditions to its trade with other parties to that arrangementthan to other WTO members’ trade, it departs from the guiding principle of nondiscriminationunder the WTO. Normally, setting up a customs union or free tradearea would violate the WTO’s principle of equal treatment for all trading partners. Butthe WTO agreements allow regional trading arrangements to be set up as a specialexception, provided certain strict criteria are met.RTA arrangements should help trade flow more freely among the countries in thegroup without barriers being raised on trade with the outside world. In otherwords, regional integration should complement the multilateral trading systemand not threaten it.If a free trade area or customs union is created, duties and other trade barriersshould be reduced or removed on substantially all sectors of trade in the group.Non-members should not find trade with the group any more restrictive thanbefore the group was set up.Developing countries are allowed to enter into regional or global agreements thatinclude the reduction or elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers on tradeamong themselves.Therefore, within the WTO rule, a RTA member country can in its renewable energysupporting policies offer more favourable treatment to goods and services from othermembers of the same RTA. For example, an EU member could levy lower tariff onwind turbines imported from another EU member than those from outside EU, withoutviolating the WTO rule.5.4.2 Preferential treatment for developing countriesSpecial and Differential Treatment (SDT) for Developing CountriesSpecial and Differential Treatment (SDT) is the term used for the way in whichdeveloping countries are treated differently to developed countries within the WTOsystem. The principle of SDT is that international trade rules should be adapted tothe particular economic situation of developing countries. Within the WTO, SDTtreatment has taken two main forms:With respect to market access commitments, SDT treatment has taken theform of allowing non-reciprocal trade preferences designed to providepreferential access for developing country exports to the markets todeveloped countries.With respect to trade rules and disciplines, STD treatment means thatdeveloping countries can be exempted from the need to implementmultilaterally agreed rules or might be asked to accept less onerousobligations. In the Uruguay Round, SDT treatment also meant offeringdeveloping countries longer implementation periods and possibly technicalassistance to help them meet multilaterally agreed commitments.This also includes the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), a preferential tariffsystem extended by developed countries (also known as preference giving countries)to developing countries (also known as beneficiary countries). It involves reducedMFN Tariffs or duty-free entry of eligible products exported by beneficiary countriesto the markets of preference giving countries. The GSP treatment is given by a givingcountry to the beneficiary country for certain period of time and based on regularRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 109
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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