Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of the AIRFINE ® process at voestalpine Stahl Linz,AustriaThe AIRFINE ® scrubber allows simultaneous removal of the finest dust particles(including alkali and heavy-metal chlorides) and noxious waste gas components. Thelatter (PCDD/F, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) are mainlyassociated with the fine dust. Compared with dry abatement systems this system can alsoremove water soluble compounds, such as alkali chlorides and heavy metal chlorides. Incase of addition of alkalines to the scrubbing water also acidic components like HF, HCland SO 2 can be removed significantly. The aqueous solution from the scrubber containingalkali and heavy metal salts is consequently treated by precipitation/ flocculation.The solids are deactivated with slag followed by disposal to secure landfill. The overflowis neutralized and passed through several gravel beds before discharge to themunicipal sewage system.2 MethodsThe methods employed for the environmental part of the matrix are based on Life CycleAssessment (LCA) (ref. to [2]) which is standardized in ISO 14040/44 (ISO, 2006). LCAis a tool that considers the environmental impacts of a service or a product throughout itslife time, from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal after end of useful life.LCA encompasses a range of environmental impacts (e.g. global warming, acidification,eutrophication etc.). Since the object of an LCA study is a product or a service, it is acomparative tool useful for comparing the environmental impacts of different solution orproducts. It can for example be used to identify design guidelines for environmentalimprovements of the products, solutions or services. It is evidently important to definethe goal or purpose of the study including the “product” (used interchangeably withsolution, project, system, or technology) that is subject to study. It should be clear whatthe study is intended to support and how the results are going to be used in the end. Inthe scoping of the study it is more clearly defined what is to be studied and how. Thescope of the study should be defined according to at least the following parameters:• The functional unit i.e. what is the delivered service of the product is thereference quantity for the study• System boundaries. How much is included? How to define the systemboundaries: Is it necessary to include the whole life cycle? Is it possible to dosome simplified LCA? Which technologies are considered and in whichgeographical area? Etc.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 190
Following the goal and scope definition environmental input and output data for eachprocess within the system boundaries are collected in the inventory.Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) transfers the data generated in the inventory intoinformation with environmental relevance. The following section summarizes some keyrequirements of the international standards with regard to LCIA. According toISO 14040/44 the LCIA phase shall include the following mandatory elements:• Selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models;• Assignment of LCI results to the selected impact categories (classification);• Calculation of category indicator results (characterization).The selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterization models shallbe both justified and consistent with the goal and scope of the LCA. In addition to themandatory elements of LCIA, there could be optional elements and information as listedbelow which can be used depending on the goal and scope of the LCA:• Normalization: calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relativeto reference information;• Grouping: sorting and possibly ranking of the impact categories;• Weighting: converting and possibly aggregating indicator results across impactcategoriesNormalization transforms an indicator result by dividing it by a selected reference value.Furthermore normalized indicator results can be weighted to reflect different preferencesbased on value-choices of involved stakeholders. Finally normalized and weightedindicator results may be aggregated across selected impact categories providing a singlescore which might be desirable for the sake of simplicity and to deliver results at aglance. However, especially weighting steps are based on value-choices and are notscientifically based. Different individuals, organizations and societies may have differentpreferences; therefore it is possible that different parties will reach different weightingresults based on the same indicator results or normalized indicator results. In an LCA itmay be desirable to use several different weighting factors and weighting methods, andto conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the consequences on the LCIA results ofdifferent value-choices and weighting methods.Because of the subjective nature of weighting and the possible consequences on thirdparties, the standard says that weighting shall not be applied in LCA studies used forcomparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public. It should be recognizedthat there is no scientific basis for reducing LCA results to a single overall score ornumber. The standard explicitly states that such LCIAs shall employ a sufficientlycomprehensive set of category indicators and the comparison shall be conductedcategory indicator by category indicator. Nonetheless, in order to illustrate results in theECM in this case they have been implicitly weighted by the factor of 1, i.e. every impactis weighted equally.In the Eco-Care-Matrix new technological solutions are compared to a given baseline.The environmental baseline or reference serves as a benchmark for the potentialenvironmental improvements. Comparability is thus the main criterion for choosing theappropriate reference system or technology to perform the comparison of environmentalimpacts between green solution and baseline. The reference system should deliver nearlythe same function or service to the customer as the considered green solution. Only ifboth product systems under examination have the same function using of course differentprocess technologies and product designs, their environmental impacts can be related tothe same functional unit.The reference must be a realistic alternative to the green solution so it is obvious that themost recent antecedent product is a reasonable reference system for the new nextgeneration product having the same function but different performance and design.Though competitive products might also be an applicable baseline, inventory data andRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 191
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185: 3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187: one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189: 4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
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Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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