Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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to constrain the evaluation. In addition to these projects, initial investigationsare currently underway at a number of places. The great interest is alsoreflected by the large number of license applications received by the DanishEnergy Agency.Geological backgroundPotential reservoirsThe Danish subsurface is composed of five major structural units – theDanish Basin, the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, the Skagerrak-KattegatPlatform, the Ringkøbing-Fyn High and the North German Basin – whichexert the overall control on the geothermal prospectivity, as they essentiallydetermine the heat flow, distribution, thickness, facies types and burialdepths of the potential reservoirs (Fig. 1). The 1–10 km thick Mesozoicsuccession has been the target of hydrocarbon exploration for c. 80 years,and is relatively well-known from c. 70 deep onshore wells and seismic dataacquired over many years. These data, despite variable quality andcoverage, show that the most promising geothermal reservoirs occur withinthe Triassic–Lower Cretaceous succession in the Danish and North GermanBasins. The two basins are separated by the elevated basement blocks ofthe Ringkøbing-Fyn High with a low geothermal potential. Five formationswith a regional potential are identified including the Triassic BunterSandstone and Skagerrak Formations, the Upper Triassic–Lower JurassicGassum Formation, the Middle Jurassic Haldager Sand Formation and theUpper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Frederikshavn Formation (Fig. 1). Theycontain several porous and water bearing sandstone layers/aquifers in theeconomic interval 800–3000 m below the surface with formationtemperatures from 25–90°C, and both basins have a great geothermalpotential (Fig.1) (Mathiesen et al., 2009). In addition Rotliegende sandstonesmay be prospective along the northern rim of the German Basin and lowerJurassic and lower Cretaceous sandstones seems prospective in easternSjælland and the Øresund region.The geothermal resource and reserveEstimates of the geothermal resource may be based on two principalapproaches. The conservative approach calculates the amount of heatpresent in the reservoir brine and was used in regional assessments toproduce comparable values of large areas with very variable and complexgeology (Hurter & Haenel 2002; Mathiesen et al. 2009). This approachhowever, underestimates the amount of heat available for a geothermalplant, as heat stored in the reservoir rock matrix and heat from the adjacentrock units will be supplied to the geothermal water increasing the lifetime of ageothermal reservoir considerably (Magtengaard & Mahler 2010). Thegeothermal reserve in a given prospect is estimated as the amount ofproducible heat at the current economic regime.Critical geological parametersThe principal requirement for successful geothermal exploration is thepresence of a warm, thick, continuous, water-bearing, porous and permeablereservoir buried at a suitable depth. Thus burial depth, temperature,4Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 130
thickness, vertical and lateral variation of lithology, occurrence of faults,formation water chemistry, porosity and permeability are the primarygeological factors to evaluate in assessments of the geothermal prospectivityof an area and specific geothermal prospects. By combining 1) thegeographic distribution of the formations with known reservoirs, 2) theirmapped burial depths, and 3) estimates of the cumulative thickness of thereservoir sandstones a prospectivity map is constructed (Fig. 1). The mapshows where the identified reservoirs are expected to occur at depths of800–3000 m with a thickness exceeding 25 m and provides a first-orderindication of the regional geothermal potential.Burial depth and thickness of the reservoirsThe potential reservoirs show large variations in burial depths which can bemapped in areas with seismic and well data of sufficient density and quality(Fig. 2). In areas with few and poor data or areas with intense deformation interms of faulting and complicated salt structures, the maps are less reliable.Lateral variations of lithology also impose difficulties as they may complicatethe continuity of the seismic reflectors to be mapped. The mapping is carriedout in seismic time (two way travel time) and uncertainties regarding theconversion of travel time to depths cause some uncertainty regardingreservoir depths. In some cases it is not possible to resolve both the baseand top of a reservoir-bearing formation by seismic data, which typically havea vertical resolution of 20–40 m. The reservoir thickness may then beconstructed by combining seismic and well data, which may add uncertaintyto the estimate.Lateral and vertical continuityContinuity of the reservoir sandstones is mandatory for successfulgeothermal plants. The lateral and vertical continuity is primarily determinedby the depositional environments that formed the sandstones. For instance,the sandstones in the Bunter Sandstone Formation were primarily formed byephemeral braided rivers and eolian dunes in a warm semi arid climate,whereas intervening mudstones forming hydraulic barriers were formed inplaya lakes. On the other hand, the sandstones in Gassum Formation weremainly formed in a humid climate by extensive shoreface progradationinterrupted by flooding events forming marine mudstones that constitutevertical barriers (Nielsen 2003). These interpretations of the depositionalenvironments are based well data (well-logs, cores and cuttings) providinginformation on grain size, sorting, grain shapes, sedimentary structures,fossil content and mineralogy. Large faults with vertical displacementexceeding 100 m are common in many areas destroying the continuity, andare fairly easy to identify although their precise location may be uncertain(Fig. 2). Smaller faults with vertical displacements of less than the thicknessof the reservoir units may also reduce the lateral continuity but are moredifficult to reveal as the displacement may be smaller or close to theresolution of the seismic data.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 1315
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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