Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Night time charging increases with increasing battery capacity for both BEVs andPHEVs. Slight trend of less charge during the day for the BEVs, the larger the battery.Discharging – or V2G – is used very differently from country to country. In Norway theV2G is not used at all – probably due to the availability of hydro storage and flexibilityenabling large integrations of wind power. For Denmark the BEVs are used for V2Garound 6 p.m. for large batteries and with 72kWh batteries V2G is widely used duringthe day (btw 8 a.m. and 3p.m.). The PHEVs are used for V2G to some extent. ForSweden and Finland, V2G is widely used for the BEVs with the large battery capacities(58kWh and 72kWh) between 8a.m. and 7p.m., whereas, V2G is rarely used for thePHEVs. In Germany, however, V2G is heavily used for all battery sizes and for bothPHEVs and BEVs all times of day. This is due to the batteries enabling a more stableproduction on the remaining fossil power plants.Electricity pricesIn Denmark, Norway, and Germany, electricity prices are more even the larger thebatteries. Thus, lower peaks and higher downs in the prices are experienced. In Finland,electricity prices are increasing slightly with larger battery capacities, although, still withless distinct peaks and downs. Finally, Sweden experiences increasing prices withincreasing battery capacities. The stable production makes the power prices increase.4.2 Battery price changeInvestments are in either PHEVs or diesel vehicles when optimising investments invehicles. Interestingly, battery prices as well as battery capacity have to be very high forEDVs not to be beneficial for the integrated power and transport system. Diesel vehiclesare optimal only in situations with battery capacity of 11.5kWh and a battery price of600€/kWh or battery capacity of 15 kWh and a battery price of either 500€/kWh or600€/kWh. Note that this counts both for countries with primary investments in coal andcountries with primary investments in wind.5 DiscussionThe analyses presented are based on an optimisation model assuming rational behaviour.As for the heat and power system this assumption does to a large extent seem reasonablewith all players minimising costs. For investments in private vehicles, however, peopleact less rational and choices are often based on both preferences and wealth. Althoughthe results shown are optimal, investments in vehicles will most likely differ from this,yet, incentives could still be considered in order to move towards a beneficial solutionfor the integrated power and transport system.Optimising the load factor is of interest for future analyses. This could be done insituations where investments are not included. Optimising the load, when leaving thegrid, is expected to increase the value of the EDVs and might result in EDVs beingbeneficial in all the scenarios investigated in this paper.6 Concluding remarksAs has been showed in this paper, optimal investments are in most cases in EDVs. Onlywith very large batteries and high battery costs, optimum changes to investments indiesel vehicles. Thus, optimum is not as sensitive to the battery prices as expected.Configuring the power system and generating electricity is sensitive to the batterycapacity. The largest changes happen from the 3kWh to 6kWh batteries in the PHEVs,with large increases in coal use in Germany and Finland and decrease in coal inDenmark. The use of wind power increases most significantly with the small batteries inboth Denmark and Norway. The need for natural gas is increasing in scenarios withRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page
small batteries, whereas, larger batteries seem to be able to eliminate some of the needfor natural gas.As for the BEVs the greatest benefits are experienced up to the 43kWh battery capacity.Afterwards, the marginal benefits are decreasing. As for the CO 2 -emissions, the BEVsreach a level of 58kWh before the marginal benefits approaches a level of almost zero.In an environmental perspective, a choice of 58kWh battery for the BEVs and 7.5kWhfor the PHEVs is a beneficial choice for both the investment and electricity generationperspective.REFERENCES[1]. Juul, N., Meibom, P., Optimal configuration of an integrated power andtransport system, Energy, 2011[2]. Kempton, W., Tomic, J., Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculatingcapacity and net revenue, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 144, pp 268-279,2005[3]. Lipman, T., Integration of Motor Vehicle and Distributed Energy Systems,Encyclopedia of Energy, Vol. 3, pp 475-486, 2004[4]. Turton, H., Moura, F., Vehicle-to-grid systems for sustainable development: Anintegrated energy analysis, Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2008, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2007.11.013[5]. Kempton, W., Tomic, J., Letendre, S., Brooks, A., Lipman, T., Vehicle-to-GridPower: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles as Resources for DistributedElectric Power in California, UCD-ITS-RR-01-03, 2001[6]. Lund, H., Kempton, W., Integration of renewable energy into the transport andelectricity sectors through V2G, Energy Policy 36, pp. 3578-3587, 2008[7]. Ibáñez, E., McCalley, J., Aliprantis, D., Brown, R., Gkritza, K., Somani,A., Wang, L., National Energy and Transportation Systems: Interdependencieswithin a Long Term Planning Model, IEEE Energy2030, 2008[8]. Shortt, A., O’Malley, M., Impact of optimal charging of electric vehicles onfuture generation portfolios, in IEEE PES/IAS Sustainable Alternative EnergyConference, Spain, 2009[9]. Hadley, S., Tsvetkova, A., Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicleson Regional Power Generation, The Electricity Journal, 2009[10]. Hutson, C., Venayagamoorthy, G.K., Corzine, K.A., Intelligent Scheduling ofHybrid and Electric Vehicle Storage Capacity in a Parking Lot for ProfitMaximization in Grid Power Transactions, IEEE Energy2030, 2008[11]. Markel, T., Kuss, M., Denholm, P., Communication and Control of ElectricVehicles Supporting Renewables, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion SystemsConference, September 2009[12]. Lipman, T., Hwang, R., Hybrid Electric And Fuel Cell Vehicle TechnologicalInnovation: Hybrid and Zero-Emission Vehicle Technology Links, 20thInternational Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, 2003[13]. Kempton, W., Letendre, S., Electric vehicles as a new power source for electricutilities, Transportation Research, Vol. 2 (3), pp 157-175, 1997[14]. Shiau, C.-S.N., Samaras, C., Hauffe, R., Michalek, J.J., Impact of battery weightand charging patterns on the economic and environmental benefits of plug-inhybrid vehicles, Energy Policy, vol. 37 (7), pp. 2653-2663, 2009[15]. Lemoine, D., Valuing Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles’ Battery Capacity UsingReal Option Framework, The Energy Journal, Vol. 31, No.2, pp 113-143, 2010[16]. Ravn H, et al., Balmorel: A Model for Analyses of the Electricity and CHPMarkets in the Baltic Sea Region, 2001[17]. Elkraft System, Risø National Laboratory, AKF, Institute of Local GovernmentStudies, Stockholm Environment Institute, Institute of Physical Energetics,Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441: [4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
Page 442 and 443: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
Page 444 and 445: compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
Page 446 and 447: Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449: Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451: spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453: 7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
Page 454: Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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