Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The potential for geological storage of CO 2 inDenmark is very promisingKaren L. Anthonsen, Peter Frykman & Lars H. NielsenGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350Copenhagen KAbstractGeological storage of CO 2 by subsurface injection into porous rocks in deep salineaquifers is one of the options to reduce CO 2 emissions. Several projects concerningestimation of geological storage of CO 2 in Europe has revealed a considerable storagepotential, latest the EU GeoCapacity project estimated a total storage capacity of ~360Gtfor Europe. Compared to the estimate of 2Gt for the annual CO 2 emission from largestationary CO 2 sources, sufficient capacity seems to be available. The combination ofcertain point sources with storage facilities might even obtain negative emission budget,when power plants with significant biomass fuelling are incorporated.Analyses demonstrate that geological storage of CO 2 is a realistic option in the majorityof the European countries, with the largest storage potential concentrated in the NorthSea region. Widespread geological formations and structures with CO 2 storage potentialare found in Norway, United Kingdom and Denmark. In Denmark the subsurface isrelatively well known from a large number of exploration wells and various seismicsurveys, and the existence of both reservoir layers and sealing units with large arealextension is verified. In addition the occurrence of geological structures with closuremakes it very likely that several suitable CO 2 storage sites can be identified, both on- andoffshore. The Skagerrak area seems promising as several structures with reservoir rocksare documented with overlying sealing cap rock sections. The Kattegat area may alsohave potential structures due to block faulting. The combination of burial depth andreservoir properties makes the Triassic – Jurassic Gassum Formation the most attractivestorage layer option. The thickness of the Lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone/SkagerrakFormations provides huge storage volumes although probably with low injectivity.Locally the lower Triassic formations may form excellent reservoirs, for example in theCopenhagen-Malmö area.1 CO 2 Storage in a European perspectiveSeveral EU co-funded projects have been dealing with mapping and estimations of thegeological storage potential for Europe. The first project estimating the European CO 2storage potential was the Joule II project in 1996 and the total storage capacity wasestimated to approximately 800Gt (Holloway et al. 1996). In 2003 the GESTCO projectcame up with more detailed calculations of storage capacities for 8 North West Europeancountries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, UK)(Christensen & Holloway 2004). The Castor project included storage estimations for 8east and central European countries in 2006 (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Hungary,Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia). Finally the EU GeoCapacity project coveredstorage capacity estimations for 21 countries in Europe and the result was a total storagecapacity of 357 giga-ton (Gt) CO 2 (Vangkilde-Pedersen et al. 2009). If the total storagecapacity is compared with the total European CO 2 emission from large stationary sources(>1Mt CO 2 /year) of 2Gt CO 2 , Europe has geological storage capacity for ~180 years.The GeoCapacity project is the most extensive research project to date, including CO 2storage capacity estimates for saline aquifers, hydrocarbon fields and coal fields (figure1).1Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 48
Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage sites and large aquifers in Europe. No aquifer datafrom Norway. Data from the EU GeoCapacity project.Results from the GeoCapacity project concludes that coal fields, on a European scale,has a very limited storage capacity (1.5Gt) and low injection rates, but it is possible touse CO 2 for production of methane. For hydrocarbon fields the geology and reservoirconditions are well-known from exploration and production activities and they haveproven capability to retain hydrocarbons for millions of years. On industrial scale thestorage capacities in hydrocarbon fields is limited (30Gt), but CO 2 injection in ahydrocarbon field offers the possibility to use the CO 2 for enhanced oil/gas recovery(EOR/EGR). Large potential CO 2 storage volumes are found in the saline aquifers(325Gt), but the general lack of detailed data and consequently uncertainties aboutreservoir integrity and reservoir properties makes aquifers more costly to develop forCO 2 injection.The CO 2 storage potential in Europe is unequally distributed, reflecting the very variablesubsurface geology, but analyses from the GeoCapacity project, also demonstrategeological storage of CO 2 to be a realistic option in the majority of the Europeancountries, with the largest storage potential concentrated in the North Sea region.Widespread geological formations and structures with CO 2 storage potential are found inNorway, United Kingdom and Denmark. Data from GeoCapacity reveal that 65% of thetotal European aquifer storage potential is located in these tree countries, and themajority of the potential aquifers are found offshore Norway.2 CO 2 storage in DenmarkIn large parts of the Danish territory the subsurface consist of a thick sedimentarysuccession of Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic age overlaying the basement, and reaching amaximum thickness of 9 kilometres in the central parts of the Norwegian-Danish Basin.The sedimentary succession is affected by mainly northwest–southeast striking normalfaults and post depositional flow of late Permian Zechstein salt, generating large domestructures. Locally the succession is incomplete due to structural movement and erosion,particularly above the salt domes. Faults often accompany the salt structures. Both the2Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 49
Page 1 and 2: Energy Systems and Technologies for
Page 3 and 4: ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
Page 5 and 6: sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8: 11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10: ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12: Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14: how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16: (9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18: (16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22: Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24: Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26: Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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