Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The European politicians are faced with the challenge of closing the financial and legislative gap betweenthe price level of fossil fuels and the platform which the biomass plays on – with all its qualities.What is biomass?Basically, biomass comprises a number of different types of waste products and farm‐grown biomass.Biomass is generally split up as follows:Waste products from farming (straw, livestock manure)Wood and waste products from forestryBio‐combustible waste from households and industryEnergy crops (cereals, oil crops and other crops such as willow and miscanthus)Blue biomass (microalgae and macroalgae).This split provides very little information about whether the biomass is in fact suitable for energy purposes– energy density correlated with volume or humidity content and content of undesirable substances. Alsothe various types of biomass resources require various handling and conversion technologies.Biomass as a resourceDespite abundant literature about the global potential of bio energy, it is not possible to be specific as towhat degree this resource can cover future energy requirements. Today the world consumes at global levelabout 470 EJ, of which 50 EJ is biomass, by 2050 the world’s consumption of energy is expected to reachbetween 600 EJ and 1040 EJ (twice as much as today). Global models indicate that by 2050 sustainablyacquired biomass will reach figures somewhere between today’s level of 50 EJ and 250 EJ at global level.Within the EU the assessment is that it will be possible to produce in the vicinity of 11.7 EJ/year withoutnegative environmental impact. Today the energy supply consumes about 4.3 EJ.The European ambitionThe EU has laid down the target to increase its share of renewable energy in the energy supply from today’slevel to a level of 20% of the total energy consumption in 2020 – equivalent to 34% of the electricityproduction. A target which is usually referred to as 20, 20, 20 in 2020.In the period leading up to the summer vacation in 2010 all member countries developed individual planswhich they submitted to the Commission – Renewables Action Plans stating how each countries proposesto address this task. These plans are now being scrutinised in the EU and it will be interesting to see howthe individual countries expect to procure the resource and establish the capacity.During 2009 and 2010, the European electricity industry’s organisation, Eurelectric, joined forces with VGBto carry out a large‐scale study “Power Choices ‐ Pathways to carbon‐neutral electricity in Europe by 2050”.The objective of this study was to document and demonstrate that conversion of the European electricityRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 250
supply along the lines of the EU ambition is indeed possible (Figure 1).TWh200018001600140012001000800Power Generation from RESin Baseline 2009 (Base)and Power Choices (P.C.)131075220273143184150743118235 254282 326192869206328416OtherSolarBiomassWind offshoreWind onshoreHydro6004002000457552365450 4067968301 348 348 359 3582005 2030 2030 2050 2050Base P.C. Base P.C.Figure 1: Eurelectric Power Choices: Pathway to Carbon Neutral Electricity in Europe in 2050 ‐ PowerGeneration from Renewable Energy SourcesIn this study Eurelectric and VGB demonstrate that there is indeed a path to a carbon neutral supply ofelectricity in 2050. Eurelectric is also convinced that this way is feasible and that biomass can play a futurerole in the transformation process and with this also in the fulfilment of the EU’s 2020 target. According toPower Choices the biomass share of European electricity supply grows from about 90 TWh in 2006 to 200TWh in 2020 – ie, this share more than doubles over the next decade. To this should be added biomass forthe production of biofuels, heat and materials.So far the efforts have resulted in a Eurelectric Declaration signed by 61 CEOs ‐ representing over 70% ofthe generating power in EU. The declaration was handed over to Commissioner Piebalgs on 18 March 2009.The signatories committed themselves to; 1) using all available carbon‐free and low‐carbon generationoptions when investing in new plants; 2) operating existing plants and grids in the most efficient way; 3)promoting energy efficiency and use of electricity on the demand side as a way to mitigate climate change;and 4) seeking to deliver power cost‐efficiently and reliably through an integrated market.However, irrespective of the statements computed of the capacity and potential for producing biomasswithin the EU, the net result will be import of biomass to Europe in view of the present increase andambitions.Sustainability criteriaRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 251
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297: where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299: hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301: The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303: Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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