Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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parts or the means of enforcing warranty agreements can all help to ensure the longlasting adoption of the solutions.3.2 Biomass based electric powerThere are several technical options to transform the energy content of biomass toelectricity. Figure 4 illustrates the most conventional transformation paths, which are theproduction of fuels through gasification, anaerobic digestion or vegetable oil extractionto run engines-generator sets, fuel cells or (micro) turbines. On a global perspective,biomass resources are available in almost all climates. They already play a key role inmany economic and social activities and make part of environmental functions.Therefore, designing sustainable schemes for using biomass for power generation is acomplex task that requires very case-specific assessment.Figure 4. Transformation paths to generate electric power from biomassParticularities of the biomass supply system have a significant influence on theenvironmental and social effects of the single measure for power supply and are crucialfor the technical and economic feasibility. In general, the use of biomass from wasteflows may lead to environmental and social improvements and low operation costs, if theuse of waste flows will not threat already established economic activities (e.g. fuel forcooking) or environmental functions (e.g. soil enhancement). In case woody biomassand/or crops are produced for energy purposes, changes in land use patterns can result inboth, improvements or detrimental effects. The demand of (additional) biomass forpower may lead, for example, to reforestation of wastelands, the enhancement of soilsand additional income generation activities. On the other hand, it can also lead toclearing of pristine forest, reduced production of food crops or intensification of conflictson land ownership. Therefore, thorough assessments of environmental and social impactsand transparent and participative consultation processes should make part of the earlydesign phases of each measure that seeks to encourage the use of biomass for energypurposes.The biomass supply system is also a decisive issue for the feasibility of a project. Thereliable provision of biomass is crucial as the daily supply of electric power is dependenton the output of the agricultural and/or animal tenure activities. In the case of vegetableoil, the provision of energy is exposed to all traditional risks and uncertainties of seedproduction (e.g. unstable yields, pests, water scarcity, etc) and requires the allocation ofadditional labour (e.g. planting, weeding, harvesting, etc) and inputs (e.g. fertilizers,irrigation, etc). Seed harvest is seasonally. Thus, the actual yield of a season will impactthe potential energy supply of a whole period between harvest seasons and storagecapacities has to be considered as part of the project. In the case of biogas-based power,the potential supply of substrate depends on the number of animals but also on the6Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 350
animal tenure practices. Additional investment for stables and efforts to adapt thetraditional practices are often required in order to facilitate the collection of manure. Freegrazing is the simplest breeding system, practiced in many rural areas of developingcountries, but it makes the manure collection difficult and costly. The collection andpreparation of manure and the feeding of the biogas digester become additional dailytasks that can be seen as part of the whole supply system.The main hardware components required for the transformation of biomass resources toelectric power belong to well-known and mature technologies, but commercialavailability of appropriate solutions for community-based approaches is often missing.Biogas-based powerThe main components for small power applications are the biodigester and the enginegeneratorset. Both are well-known and broadly available technologies. However, thematurity and rate of adoption offer an uneven picture. The most striking case is biogasused for households, where in some regions high acceptance and diffusion rates arereported, yet in others the users have become disappointed and the technologyexperiences discredit. The availability of local technical and marketing capacities in thefield of biogas technologies is region specific. While large and long lasting programs insome Asian nations may have contributed to build strong and widespread innovationcapacities (Bajgain et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2010), the biogas sectors in African andLatin American countries are in an earlier stage of development (Nyagabona et al., 2009;GreenEmpowerment, 2010).Running engine-generator sets with biogas is already a commercial practice. The use ofcogeneration units to utilize biogas from sewage plants and landfills is common practicein many countries, but experiences of biogas-based village electrification are still scarce.For community-based approaches the use of commercial gas engines may become apreferred option. The power generation at household level may be a feasible option forcases where household biodigesters generate considerable surplus of biogas. However,gas engines below 1 kW seem not yet to be commercially available (Energy Forum,2009). Disregarding the size of the application, the quality of the biogas significantlyaffects the power generation capacity and the maintenance and overhauls requirements.Vegetable oil-based powerOil pressing units and engine-generator represent the main common components forpower generation based on pure vegetable oil. Both are commercial technologies.Though, power systems optimized for running on vegetable oils are still not broadlyavailable. Some manufacturers (particularly in Europe and USA) are already offeringsmall cogeneration systems adapted to run on particular kind of vegetable oil (e.g.rapeseed oil). A common practice - where such optimized products are not commerciallyavailable - is adapting conventional diesel engines to run on vegetable oil. Modificationsof the equipments and appropriate operation strategies are necessary in order to avoidharmful impacts on the equipments. E.g. modifications in the internal fuel supply of theengine and the use of fossil diesel for the starting phase of the engine.3.3 Micro-hydro electric powerWhere hydro potentials are available, micro-hydroelectric power is often the least-costgeneration option for off-grid regions. Hydroelectric technologies are available to covera wide range of needs: from the supply of electricity for single households or workshops(e.g. through pico-hydro plants) to the electrification of whole villages in mini-gridsapproaches. Most of the used water turbines and generators are commercially available.They are already mature technologies and no significant cost changes are expected.New concepts of in-stream turbines are gaining increased interest. They are designed tobetter use the kinetic energy of water flow. The installation of such turbines does notrequire complex civil works to divert the water, as they are submerged in the river andcommonly fixed to a floating platform. These concepts would open additional optionsfor using hydro resources.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 3517
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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Page 306 and 307: 2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309: Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371: case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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