Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and Capacity onboard Electric Drive Vehicles and the Effects onthe Power System ConfigurationAuthor: Nina Juul, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, TechnicalUniversity of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark, email: njua@risoe.dtu.dkAbstractThe need for reserves is increasing with increasing fluctuating production capacities inthe power system. For flexible reserves, either reserves with fast response time areneeded, or storage options are to be investigated. In the transport system, the expectationfor electric drive vehicles, including both battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, isthat they will be taking over parts of the market within the next decade or two. Theelectric drive vehicles can provide some of the flexibility needed in the power systemboth in terms of flexible demand and electricity storage. The question is how muchreserve capacity in terms of batteries is interesting for the power system? To answer thatquestion, the optimal capacity of the battery in a vehicle is to be found, given the use ofthe battery for both driving and storage in the power system. Likewise, the prices atwhich the electric drive vehicles are interesting in a cost minimisation problem are to befound. This article presents an analysis of the integrated power and transport systemfocusing on the sensitivity in the power system according to battery capacity and price,in a situation where the vehicles use smart charge and are able to deliver power back tothe grid (vehicle-to-grid). The analyses show that it is very beneficial to introduce theflexibility of the battery, and the larger the battery, the more benefits are included,although, the marginal benefit decreases. For very high battery prices, large batteriesimply that investments in diesel vehicles are preferred.1 IntroductionElectric drive vehicles (EDVs) are of increasing interest in a world with intensified focuson climate and CO 2 -emissions. Integration of the power and transport systems has greatpotentials in terms of synergies between fluctuating renewable energy and the possibilityof storing electricity on board the EDVs. For the configuration of the power system, thevalue of the batteries depends on the price, whereas, for the operation of the powersystem, the value of the batteries depends on the capacities.In this article, the consequences on the power system operation and configuration areanalysed given various battery prices and capacities in the EDVs. Based on a model ofan integrated power and transport system described in [1], scenarios are analysed for thenorthern European power system.The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept has been described by Kempton and Tomíc [2]. [3]and [4] give an overview of potentials of grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and V2G capabilities.The EDVs providing regulation, operating reserves, etc. to the power system has beenanalysed by a number of researchers. In [5] the economic details on providing thedifferent services have been analysed.Integrating the power and transport systems influences the power production. The impactof the integration has, so far, only been quantified by few researchers. Lund andKempton [6] have looked into the value of V2G with different wind penetrations andhow the EDVs can help integrate more wind. Investment analysis and optimal operationof the integrated power and transport system has been introduced in [1] and in [7] interms of illustrative cases on the Danish and Portuguese energy systems respectively.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 416
Shortt and O’Malley [8] have studied fast charge versus slow charge of the EDVs andthe impacts on both the power system and the electricity prices.[9] has focused on the impacts of different battery charging strategies. Charging controlalgorithms are studied in [10] and [11]. Lipman and Hwang [12] touch on thetechnological innovation of batteries and the EDVs. In [13] the characteristics fordifferent EDVs with different battery types, their potentials and requirements are studied.Vehicle efficiency changes depending on battery weight is the focus of [14].Despite broad research, not many researchers have focused on the benefits or costs ofchanging battery capacity or price in the EDVs. Valuing a change in battery capacity hasbeen done by Lemoine [15] using real options, capturing the electricity price uncertainty.In this article, a model of the integrated power and transport system [1] is used to analysethe power system consequences of varying battery prices and capacities on board theEDVs.The model of the integrated power and transport is described in the next sectionincluding a touch on relevant assumptions. The base case is described in Section 3.1while Section 3.2 presents the scenarios. Results are presented in Section 4 and discussedin Section 5. Section 6 concludes.2 Balmorel with road transportBalmorel is a partial equilibrium model [16] assuming perfect competition. The modelminimises operational costs subject to constraints including renewable energy potentials,balancing of electricity and heat production, and technical restrictions. An economicallyoptimal solution is found through investment generation and electricity prices arederived from marginal system operation costs.Balmorel has three geographical entities; countries, regions, and areas. Balancing ofelectricity and transport supply and demand is on regional level, whereas balancing ofsupply and demand for district heating is on area level. The optimisation horizon is oneyear. The model works with an hourly time resolution that can be aggregated into fewertime steps.Including passenger road transport in Balmorel requires activation of the transport addon[1], resulting in an analysis of the integrated power and transport system. Thetransport model includes electricity balancing in the transport system and the powersystem - and in the integrated power and transport system. Vehicles that are non-plug-insare treated in a simplified way, since they do not provide flexibility to the power system.2.1 AssumptionsThe model is based on assumptions to be found in [1] and [17]. Two assumptions areparticularly relevant for the analyses in this article.PHEVs are assumed to use the battery until depletion before using the engine. Due toprice differences between electricity and diesel, and the differences in efficiency of theelectric motor and the diesel engine, the assumption seems reasonable.The load factor of the battery is fixed for every vehicle group, due to non-linearity in themodel otherwise. Thus, all vehicles in each group leave the grid with the same batterystate-of-charge (SOC).3 ApplicationThe model is applied to a northern European case, year 2030. The base case is based onscientific data and the scenarios have been developed with offset in the base case. Basecase and scenarios are described in the following.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 417
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441: [4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
Page 442 and 443: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
Page 444 and 445: compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
Page 446 and 447: Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449: Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451: spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453: 7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
Page 454: Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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