Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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engaged in wind energy assessment, and methods develop rapidly. Furthermore thedegree to which wind assessment data is open and freely available, as well as the extentto which the methodology is transparent and subject to scrutiny by the wind resourceassessment community, is also disparate.Because of the incomplete assessment of wind resource over the world, policy makersand energy planners have been forced into using coarse resolution global reanalysis datato estimate wind resources. This has a very serious drawback in that the coarse resolutionleads to an erroneous negative bias in the wind resource. Consequently the role of windenergy in the future energy mix may be downplayed, with grave implications formodelling approaches to climate mitigation.Making a complete global wind atlas using a single unified method available in thepublic domain provides the solution to the needs of the policy makers, energy planners,and Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM) community. The Global Wind Atlasmethodology will be transparent, and presented to wind resource assessment communitythrough conferences and peer reviewed journal publications.The term wind resource assessment covers a very broad range of methods and manykinds of data. For example, the assessment can be based on in situ measurements and assuch pertain to the measurement location and height only, unless some kind treatment ofthe measured winds is carried out. At the other end of the range, the assessment may bebased on modelling, giving wind resource in 3 dimensions. However, the value of suchmodel derived assessment is limited without some kind of verification againstmeasurements.Therefore the most valued wind resource assessment will feature a combination ofmeasurement and modelling. For example the European Wind Atlas (Troen andPetersen, 1989) developed a pioneering method to analyse in situ measurements in sucha way that the information obtained from the measurements can be applied away fromthe measurement location. The analysis is done by modelling the effects due to localchanges in terrain elevation, local surface roughness changes, and obstacles, each ofwhich impacts the measured winds. The result of the analysis is a generalized windclimate. To predict the wind resource at a new site requires the application of the sameaforementioned models (calculating effects due to local changes in terrain elevation,local surface roughness changes, and obstacles) on a generalized wind climate. Thismethod comprises the workings of the WAsP (www.wasp.dk) software developed byRisø DTU and now used by over 10000 users worldwide.Wind resource assessment of the kind outlined above required a dense network of highquality and long term measurements. This is because a generalized wind climate is onlyvalid for a limited area. Where measurement data is missing, which is more often thecase, numerical wind atlas methodologies are used. The conventional numerical windatlas uses long term, but coarse resolution, atmospheric datasets (e.g. reanalysis fromNCEP/NCAR, Kalnay et al, 1996) to force mesoscale models, capable of modelling theatmospheric flow at scales ranging approximately from 100 km to 5 km. This comprisesa so-called downscaling technique. From the mesoscale model simulations, maps ofwind resource can be created. In the method developed at Risø DTU, post-processing ofthe simulations results in a grid of generalized wind climates which can be used inWAsP. The huge advantage of creating the generalized wind climates is that these can becompared to generalized wind climates derived from measurements in the region ofinterest. Even if there is a limit to the number of high quality measurements, thiscomparison of model and measurement derived climate allows for a verification ofmodel results. A proper verification adds tremendous value to a wind resourceassessment.So far the Risø DTU methods outlined above have been used in numerous locationsaround the world; most recently in India, north-eastern China, and South Africa.However up to this point no single unified wind resource assessment has been performedfor the whole world, and it important to note the objective is not to perform a globalversion of these country-specific studies. A new method is required to generate theRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 216
Global Wind Atlas, making it efficient to create, and suitable for the needs of the policymakers and energy planners. This is only now becoming a possibility due todevelopments in global reanalysis datasets and microscale modelling tools.2 MethodologiesThe method to create the high resolution global wind atlas is made up of a chain ofprocesses in which global reanalysis datasets are the input and high resolution windclimate statistics, suitable for analysis and mapping, are the output.Global reanalysis datasets with a spatial resolution of around 50 km are now availablecovering a time span of decades. These datasets are at a much higher resolution thanpreviously available, and thus give new possibility for their exploitation for windresource assessment. A number of reanalysis dataset will be used to investigate the rangeof wind climates that a set provides. The reanalysis datasets are not wholly independentas the same observational data network is available for assimilation; however the mannerin which assimilation is performed is different, as are the models underlying thereanalysis. For example, there will be differences in the physical parameterizationsmodelling sub-grid scale processes and surface processes, as well as the description ofthe surfaces.Figure 1: Cape Verde numerical wind atlas (NWA) in FROGFOOT. Each orange dotrepresents a data point with details sectorwise generalized wind climates statistics.FROGFOOT allows wind resources at high resolution to be calculated in WAsP usingthe coarser grid of generalized wind climate data points. Only part of Cape Verde isshow hereSurface winds given by the reanalysis datasets cannot themselves be used directly toestimate global wind resources because the spatial resolution is still too coarse. Spatialvariance of wind climates at scales smaller than that resolved in the reanalysis data willcontribute significantly to the wind resource. The small scale spatial variance can bemodelled by WAsP. Running WAsP requires that the reanalysis surface winds areRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 217
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185: 3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187: one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189: 4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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