Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading economics, 2011a), and for the case of Afghanistan, it is4% (Trading economics, 2011b). The bank’s nominal interest rate in lending is 16%(Nepal) and 18% (Afghanistan).Discount RateThe role of discount rate is important in estimating levelized cost. This is the real annualinterest rate also called the real interest rate, which is used to convert between one-timecosts and annualized costs. The annual real interest rate is related to the nominal interestrate of the bank and has relation with the inflation rate. This is represented in the equationas: Discount Rater …...101 Thus, discount rate adopted for the calculation is 10% (Nepal) and 13% (Afghanistan).Life time electricity is the present worth of the total life time useful electricity (E l )produced over a life span of N year and discounted at the rate “r”. If “E” is the energyproduced annually, then: ∗ …eq. 113. Result and Analysis3.1 Levelized cost of the Solar Home System (SHS) and Wind Home System (WHS)Individual home system for the electricity is increasing popularly in the rural areas tomeet their basic electricity needs mainly for lighting. Among them, solar home systems(SHS) have widely been used in the scattered rural areas of developing countries(Chaurey and Kandpal, 2010; Rai, 2004). The dissemination of solar PV systems hasbeen significantly increased in the last decades in the rural electrification of Nepal(Mainali and Silveira, 2010), and this technology is also getting popularity in the remoteareas of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is a Sunbelt country with huge potential of solarenergy including solar PV Burns (2011). However, as mentioned earlier, wind resourceshave not been explored in both countries (Afghanistan and Nepal). Wind mapping startedin Nepal in 2003 with the support of SWERA, but no wind mapping activities werereported in the case of Afghanistan. SHS basically comprises solar PV modules, a bankof battery, charge controller and supplies the DC output. DC appliances like CFL lamps,TVs and small radios are the most commonly used loads which are served by such kindof system. Wind home system (WHS) also has a wind generator and its mountingaccessories and other components are similar as mentioned in the case of SHS. In thissection, the levelized cost of isolated home technologies viz.: SHS of 40 watt peak andWHS of 400 watts rated output (for Nepal) and SHS of 60 watt peak (for Afghanistan)have been estimated. The technical and economical parameters of the SHS and WHSwith detail breakdown have been presented in table 1.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 366
With the life span of 20 years for solar modules, 3 years for batteries and 10 years for thecharge controllers and 0.5% of the total cost of the system as operational andmaintenance cost, the LCOE was in the range of 0.61 to 0.90 USD/kWh in case of Nepaland 0.98 to 1.54 USD/kWh in case of Afghanistan. The variable range of LCOE withinthe country is because of variation in the insolation level available at different places. Thelower value of LCOE is for higher insolation. In another study carried out in India, LCOEfrom a 35 Wp system was estimated to be 0.864 USD/kWh (Chaurey and Kandpal. 2010).The solar insolation used in the case of India was 5.0 kWh/m2/day and day of operationof 365 days a year. The other conditions were more or less same. Only the majordifference was the chosen discount rate (0.12 in case of India).Table 1: Technical and economical parameters of SHS and WHS (2010)Country Afghanistan NepalDescription/Specification SHS a SHS b WHS cModule capacity in watt 60 40 400System cost in USD 305 132 188912 V-Battery AH-capability 100 AH 36 AH 4x100AHBattery life time in years 3 3 3Battery cost in USD 135 56 289Charger controller life in years 10 10 10Charge controller cost in USD 30 14 125Lighting and others cost in USD 13 17 50Installation /transportation 60 25 174System life time 20 20 20Annual operational and maintenance27 12 39cost (0.5% for SHS and 2.5% forWHS)Solar insolation kWh/m2/day 4.5-7.0 3.5-8.5 -Average wind velocity (m/s) - - 3.4-6.5Levelized cost in USD/kWh 0.98-1.54 0.61 -0.90 0.46-3.2Data Source: MRRD/UNDP. Afghanistan a ; Dibya Urja Pvt. Ltd, Nepal b ; Krishna Grill, Nepal cIn case of Vietnam, LCOE was varying from 0.671 USD (in the south) to 0.840 USD (inthe north) (Nguyen, 2007). The methodology and the assumed parameters are more orless similar in both of these cases. Besides, the LCOE from solar PV is comparativelyless in Nepal than that in case of Afghanistan. The reasons behind are the risk factorassociated in the business due to security reasons and also the weakly formed marketinfrastructure in the case of Afghanistan, where as the solar PV market has well definedstructure in the case of Nepal (Mainali and Silveira, 2011). The huge investments inresearch and development of solar PVs from mid-seventies to mid-eighties helped toRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 367
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401: while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405: impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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