Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The calculations have been based only on one representative value of performance of the technologies.The results should not be seen only a representative examples, not as exact results.The electricity demand of 76 PJ is not important for the results. However, the irreversibilities ofelectrical appliances is significant, and thus the actual demand is lower than this value.5 ConclusionBased on studies of the modern Danish energy system we have determined the effectiveness of heatsupply based on three different criteria: CO 2 emissions, Renewability and Primary Fuel utilization.In all cases we find that combined heat and power production and domestic heat pumps are the besttechnologies, out of those that use fossil fuel. We also find that technologies based on renewablesources only are better concerning the two former criteria.The primary fuel utilization of heat supply is found to be very low, not above 10% in most cases,except for Combined Heat and Power. This may seem very low when boilers of e.g., 95% energyefficiency are available on the market. This suggests that exergy analysis should be used to largerextent in understanding optimization of energy systems in order to optimize use of primary.Heat pumps have a significant share of fossil fuel in the current system. Thus it is questionablewhether it is reasonable to see this technology as renewable energy.District heating may be improved significantly by lower temperature in the network. This will lowerexergy destruction due to both the heat loss and the temperature differences between network andconsumption.6 References[1] Danish Energy Agency. Energy statistics 2008. Technical Report ISBN 987-87-7844-805-7,ISBN 978-87-7844-806-4 www, Danish Energy Agency, 2009.[2] Anonymous. Technology data for electricity and heat generating plants. Technical ReportISBN: 87-7844-502-7, Danish Energy Authority and Elkraft System and Eltra, March 2005.[3] Anonymous. Primære ressourcefaktorer. Technical report, Rambøll, April 2009.[4] Anonymous. Technology data for energy plants. Technical Report ISBNwww: 978-87-7844-857-6, Danish Energy Authority, June 2010.[5] Lu Aye and W. W. S. Charters. Electrical and engine driven heat pumps for effective utilisationof renewable energy resources. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(10):1295 – 1300, 2003.[6] Adrian Bejan, George Tsatsaronis, and Michael Moran. Thermal Design & Optimization.Wiley Interscience, 1996.[7] P. Cui, H. Yang, and Z. Fang. Energy and exergy analysis of hybrid ground-coupled heatpumps with hot water supply. International Journal of Exergy, 6(3):388 – 404, 2009.[8] Energistyrelsens liste over energimærkede varmepumper. http://www.ens.dk/da-DK/ForbrugOgBesparelser/IndsatsIBygninger/Varmepumper/Documents/liste\%20over\%20energim\%C3\%A6rkede\%20varmepumper.pdf, December 2009. Downloaded27-02-2010.[9] Brian Elmegaard and Niels Houbak. Simulation of the Avedøreværket unit 1 cogenerationplant with DNA. In Proceedings of The 16th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost,Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2003), pages1659–1666, 2003.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 148
[10] Energinet.dk. Effektiv anvendelse af vindkraftbaseret el i danmark. Technical Report Dok.7850/09, Energinet.dk, March 2009.[11] Energistyrelsen. Danmarks energifremskrivning frem til 2030 (denmark energy forecast until2030). Technical Report ISBNwww: 978-87-7844-793-7, Danish Energy Agency, April 2009.[12] Ivar S. Ertesvåg. Exergetic comparison of efficiency indicators for combined heat and power(chp). Energy, 32(11):2038 – 2050, 2007.[13] D. Favrat, F. Marechal, and O. Epelly. The challenge of introducing an exergy indicator in alocal law on energy. Energy, 33(2):130 – 136, 2008. 19th International Conference on Efficiency,Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impactof Energy Systems - ECOS2006.[14] Arif Hepbasli. A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy resourcesfor a sustainable future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12:593–661,2008.[15] Gerard Hirs. Thermodynamics applied. Where? Why? Energy, 28:1303–1313, 2003.[16] Juha Kiviluoma and Peter Meibom. Influence of wind power, plug-in electric vehicles, andheat storages on power system investments. Energy, 35(3):1244 – 1255, 2010.[17] Kent Krøyer. Nu kører danmarks første kæmpevarmepumpe på billig møllestrøm(the first danish mega heat pump is now running on cheap wind power).http://ing.dk09/artikel/102000nukoererdanmarksfoerstekaempevarmepumpepaabilligmoellestroem,September 2009. Downloaded 27-02-10.[18] H. Lund and B.V. Mathiesen. Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems–thecase of denmark in years 2030 and 2050. Energy, 34(5):524 – 531, 2009. 4th DubrovnikConference, 4th Dubrovnik conference on Sustainable Development of energy, Water & Environment.[19] Henrik Lund and Brian Vad Mathiesen. Baggrundsrapport til Ingeniørforeningens Energiplan2030 (background report for engineering society energy plan 2030). Technical report, AalborgUniversitet, December 2006.[20] Peter Meibom, Juha Kiviluoma, Rüdiger Barth, Heike Brand, Christoph Weber, and Helge V.Larsen. Value of electric heat boilers and heat pumps for wind power integration. Wind Energy,10:321–337, 2007.[21] Svein J. Nesheim and Ivar S. Ertesvåg. Efficiencies and indicators defined to promote combinedheat and power. Energy Conversion and Management, 48(3):1004 – 1015, 2007.[22] E. Nieuwlaar and D. Dijk. Exergy evaluation of space-heating options. Energy, 18(7):779–790,1993.[23] W. Piller and M. Rudolph. Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung – zur Theorie und Praxis der Kostenrechnung.Verlags- und Wirtschafftgesellschaftt der Elektricitätswerke m.b.H., 1984. ISBN3-8022-0077-2.[24] Alojz Poredos and Andrej Kitanovski. Exergy loss as a basis for the price of thermal energy.Energy Conversion and Management, 43(16):2163 – 2173, 2002.[25] Marc A. Rosen. Should we educate the public about exergy? Exergy, An International Journal,2(4):211 – 213, 2002.[26] Mikael Togeby, Jesper Werling, János Hethey, Lars Bregnbæk, Anders Kofoed-Wiuff,Hans Henrik Lindboe, Kim Mygind, Jonas Ahmt, Alexandros Filippidis, Peter Meibom, andPoul Erik Morthorst. Bedre integration af vind (better integration of wind). Technical report,Ea Energianalyse and Risø DTU, June 2009.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 149
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185: 3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187: one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189: 4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Page 344 and 345:
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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