Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Outside Europe, the development and deployment of offshore wind is expected to catchup. Although offshore wind development in China is still at an early stage, it is expectedto soon have at least 20% of the global project pipeline (BTM Consult, 2010: 46).According to the E&Y Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Report, China hasbecome the new stand-alone leader not only in the All Renewables Index but also in theWind Index (E&Y, 2011).Technology supply aspects: Since 1991, the turbine market was dominated by Danishmanufacturers (Siemens and Vestas), which still have 91.4% of the market in 2010(BTM Consult, 2010: 50). But other R&D focused entrants from Europe, US and Asiaare expected to catch up (BTM Consult, 2010: 52). Today, Siemens and Vestas have alsoannounced plans for multi-MW technology designed for offshore wind.A very strong feature of the Danish wind energy industry is the large number ofsuppliers to the industry, which has grown along with the major wind turbinemanufacturers. The suppliers constitute a competitive part of the Danish wind energyindustry, and with advanced test facilities the suppliers have the opportunity to settechnical standards, codes and norms for the mechanical and electrical componentsmaking up the modern offshore wind energy farm and its integration in the grid.Just like the onshore market, the offshore wind industry keeps the production of keycomponents in house while other parts are outsourced. The world leading blade manufacturerLM Wind Power supplied blades for the turbines at Middelgrunden. Otherindependent suppliers include Bladt Industries (tower), Per Aarsleff (foundation) andAdvanced Offshore Solutions (balance of plant) (BTM Consult, 2010: 71-81). Specialistcontractors in offshore wind installation are for example MT Højgaard and A2SEA, thelatter being recently acquired by Dong Energy, one of the leading offshore developers inthe North Sea.Public research organisations: Risø DTU was a part of the Danish wind energy successstory from the very beginning – the industry and Risø so to speak grew up together. Overthe years, industry has been consolidated and so has the research community. TheDanish Research Consortium for Wind Energy was established in 2002 by Risø, DTU,Aalborg University and the DHI and developed the first national R&D strategy in closedialogue with the industry. This was further complemented by the public-privatepartnership of Megavind led by industry, which since 2007 has developed RD&Dstrategies for wind energy in order to maintain Denmark’s position on the global marketfor wind energy. All players are deeply involved and have a leading role in theinstitutional pillars of the EU Strategic Energy Technology Plan (the so-called SET-Plan) - The European Energy Research Alliance Joint Programme on Wind Energy andthe Wind Energy Industrial Initiative.Institutional setting: Denmark’s leading position in the global offshore wind energytechnology market rests on a unique combination of internationally leading manufacturers,a solid supply chain and a strong and intertwined RD&D environment. Astrong political and societal vision to obtain self-sufficiency in terms of energy has sincethe oil crises in the 70s guided the development of regulatory framework, smart greentaxes and support schemes combined with strict environmental, climate and energyconservation policy measures (Mandag Morgen, 2010).Of particular relevance for the offshore sector is the national target of 33% renewableenergy by 2020 and the ambition to be independent of fossil fuel by 2050, where nearshore offshore wind is expected to play a key role. Other important framework conditionsinclude the first national offshore wind energy action plan in 2007. Also, theprocess for project approval is organized as a one-stop shop so that developers only haveto deal with one body – Danish Energy Agency – to obtain all necessary approval andlicenses.Economic support mechanisms for offshore wind have varied over time and are lowcompared to other European countries (Ecofys, 2011: 94). In order to obtain the lowestpossible costs, the Danish Energy Agency runs a government tender procedure whereRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 80
applicants are invited to submit a quotation for the price at which the bidder is willing toproduce electricity in the form of fixed in tariff for a number of full-load hours (DanishEnergy Agency, 2009: 19-20).Further, the Danish TSO Energinet.dk has made an ambitious investment plan in gridinfrastructure development within and across national boundaries. This is a key elementto enable the smooth and economic integration of large scale offshore wind in theelectricity system.The national test centres for large wind turbines play an important role for both industryand research. They provide conditions for manufacturers to test the turbines as well asthe necessary facilities for R&D within meteorology, wind turbine technology and gridintegration. But due to offshore market growth in the Northern Europe, there is lack ofsuch large test facilities and competitive test facilities are established in neighbouringcountries.Public RD&D programmes for sustainable energy also include offshore wind energy, butexpenditure on wind energy remains low compared to the private RD&D expenditureand does not at all match the industry technology development (Jørgensen & Münster,2010).Policy outlookOffshore wind technology started out being onshore wind turbines installed offshore butpassing through three phases, manufacturers are now developing turbines specifically forthe demanding offshore conditions with high capital and O&M costs. A cost-effectiveimplementation of offshore wind energy in North European waters depends on an intelligentcombination of focused RD&D to bring down CoE, an interconnected Europeantransmission grid and well-functioning European electricity markets. Future offshorewind farms have to provide improved cost efficiency at high wind power penetrationlevels, more specifically increasing the capacity factor and providing system services andfunctionalities for wind power integration in the power system. It also requires a dedicatedoffshore electricity system, providing access for the more remote offshore windfarms and also additional interconnection capacity to improve trans-border electricitytrading (Megavind, 2010).In order to match the knowledge requirements of the industry, the Danish researchcommunity has strengthened the internal coordination and cooperation on the one handand on the other hand taken the lead in building up a European Joint Programme on windenergy in order to strengthen the overall research in an effective and efficient way.Strong political commitment from governments and the EU Commission is needed toprovide the necessary financial capital to realize the ambitious RE and offshore windenergy targets. On the technology push side, the EU Strategic Energy Technology Plan(SET-Plan) foresees a development and demonstration programme worth 1.2B€ over tenyears for new offshore structures distant from the shore, with lower visual impact and atdifferent water depths (>30m) (SEC (2009) 1295: 16-18). Although the EuropeanResearch Areas and the internal movement of knowledge have dominated the policydiscourse over the years, a robust and intelligent combination of EU, national and privatefunding is still to be seen. On the market pull side, the liberalisation of the energymarkets is being implemented and important mechanisms such as the establishment ofthe European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) ismade. The next important question is whether the EU energy policy will move towardssome degree of harmonised or supranational support schemes for renewable energy toavoid inappropriate attractiveness for investments.New public-private partnerships may be established to share risks and provide thenecessary investments in the roll out of offshore wind farms in European waters. Whilenational energy systems are primarily confined to the geographical territory and interconnectedto its neighbours through transmission cables, the offshore wind industry isRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 81
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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