Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) in case of grid line extension have beentabulated in table 4 with combinations of multiple scenarios. LCOE from a grid extensionis depends largely on the numbers of household to be served, followed by the loaddensity and then the distance from the MV substation of the grid line. The table showsthat serving a village with 1000 households with the load density of 150 household/Km2and 6 Km from the MV substation has the minimum LCOE (0.127 USD/kWh). Whereas,the LCOE for serving a village of 50 households, with scattered settlement (25Household/Km2) and 25 Km away from the MV substation is very high (1.75USD/kWh).If we compare the LCOE with grid with other renewable energy technology, it is clearthat if there are large numbers of clients and load density is high, the grid connection canbe competitive. But as most of the rural areas are characterized by scattered settlement,less households to be served which are far away from the grid lines, renewable energytechnology are more competitive on such cases.3.4 Connection of micro hydro in National Grid line:The off-grid and on-grid options are often promoted in parallel for electrification in manydeveloping countries like Nepal, and basis for the choice is not very clear. In this context,least cost options in face of scarce resources have seldom been searched. However inNepal, there has been huge investment in off-grid electrification by the two nationalprogrammes (REDP and ESAP) as well as rapid expansion of grid electricity undercommunity rural electrification project of Nepal Electricity Authority. This hasapparently reduced the distance between national grid line and existing micro hydroproject significantly in some of the areas. This has led to a question in the pathways ofrural electrification. What if the grid line reaches the location where there exists microhydro or what if small power developers serving the rural areas in islanding mode(isolated mode) also wants to connect the plant in the remote ends?Is this scenario a conflict between on-grid path and off-grid path or they can becomplement each other’s and serve in a better way? This section has analyzed anddiscussed the issue of connecting micro hydro in grid line.There are no hard and fast definitions and guidelines for what size of micro hydro can beconnected and at what voltage level. Site specific studies need to be performed to look atlocal network situation and cost of connection to the grid. Literatures (Spooner andHarbidge, 2001; AEPC-ESAP, 2005; Marsh, 2004; Muñoz et al., 2010) are available onthe standards of grid connection and review of various issues related with technology andlegislation specific. There are various factors which determined the feasibility and cost ofconnection to the grid. The voltage of the local network and the grid at which the systemneed to be connected; size and type of generating units to be connected; distance of theexisting grid line from the point of interconnection; present fault levels and fault rating ofequipment on network; existing local substation arrangements, such as output profile andfault contribution of new generator are the parameters that determines the feasibility.Some of the above issues are of more technical importance while some have financialsignificance. In this paper we have discussed only the financial aspect and therefore,looked at the levelized cost of micro hydro power plant if connected in the grid, andRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 372
serves both the islanded and the off peak loads to the grid. It has been assumed that theenergy that are excess from supplying the islanding mode load will be sold to gridline.The possibility of connecting various sizes of micro/mini hydro plants ranging from 25kW to 500 kW at the low voltage of 400V grid line has been discussed here consideringthe entire technical requirement as prevailed by the grid connection standards. Thetransmission line extension cost which is needed for connection to grid has been based onunit cost model, developed on the basis of the recent market price. The upgrading cost(additional equipment/systems for grid connection) has also been based on the currentmarket price. The analysis has been done with the assumption of point of interconnection(POI) at the grid line at the distance of 4 km from the existing micro hydro system.Low voltage 0.4 kV point of interconnection (POI)The cost scenario has been analyses for the case of grid at the distance of 4 km from themicro hydro/mini hydro power plant. The point of interconnection has been put in the lowvoltage side at 0.4 kV. Over voltage, under voltage, over current, earth fault relays andreverse power relay with Contactor switch and Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB’s)with synchronization panel has been proposed for the interconnection. The details layoutfor POI at 0.4 kV has been shown in Figure 3 as an example. The POI can be also in 11kV, which has not been discussed here in this paper.Figure 3 Connection diagram for MH power plant in the grid with POI at 0.4 KVThe analysis 25 kW micro hydro power plants shows that levelized cost of the electricityproduction when run in an isolated mode with 30% LF is 0.346 USD /kWh where as ifthe same plant is connected to the grid; the levelized cost is only 0.137 USD / kWh,which is almost three times less.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 373
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371: case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401: while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405: impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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