Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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sealing rock type in the Danish area is marine mudstones, which is present at severalstratigraphic levels (figure 3).South of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High the fine-grained Lower Triassic Ørslev Formationforms the primary seal for the Bunter Sandstone Formation in the Rødby and Tønderstructures (Bertelsen 1980). The primary seal for the Skagerrak Formation in the Thistedstructure is the Upper Triassic Oddesund Formation composed of calcareous, anhydriticclaystones and siltstones intercalated with thin beds of dolomitic limestone. The marinemudstones of the Upper Triassic Vinding Formation form a secondary seal for theBunter Sandstone Formation in the North German Basin and may function as a primaryseal for the Skagerrak Formation in some parts of the Norwegian-Danish Basin.Marine mudstones of the Lower Jurassic Fjerritslev Formation form the primary sealingunit for the Gassum Formation. The formation overlies and locally interfinger with thesandstones of the Gassum Formation. The formation is present in most of theNorwegian-Danish Basin with a thickness of up to 1000 m, although this variessignificantly due to mid-Jurassic erosion.North of the Ringkøbing-Fyn High the marine mudstones of the Børglum Formationmakes the primary sealing formation for the Haldager Sand Formation. The marinemudstones of the lower Cretaceous, Vedsted and Rødby Formations, forms the primarysealing formations for the Frederikshavn Formation.In most of the Norwegian-Danish Basin a 0.5 to 2 kilometres thick succession of mainlylow-permeable carbonate rocks of Late Cretaceous – Danian age constitutes a possiblesecondary seal onshore and in the Kattegat area. The sealing effect is, among others,dependent on chemical reactions between dissolved CO 2 and the carbonate rock.Figure 4: The distribution of Danish geological formations in the depth interval 800 –2500 meters which is considered the most optimal for CO2 injection. Geologicalstructures related to salt movement form domes and diapirs.2.3 Areas with promising prospective for CO 2 storageIn order to gain public and political acceptance, structural traps are considered essential,when considering storage in Denmark. Storing CO 2 in defined geological structures inthe subsurface allows continuous monitoring of the injected CO 2 and eventually meetsthe demand for future recovery of all or parts of the injected gas (Larsen et al. 2003).5Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 52
The majority of the individual structures with potential for CO 2 storage are related tomovement of the Zechstein salt (figure 5). The salt movement has caused formation of awide range of structures from gentle domes to diapirs. The dome structures most oftenform anticlines with 4-way closures and lack of significant faulting. The diaperstructures on the contrary breaks through the overlaying deposits and faults accompanythe salt structures. It might be possible to find traps with storage potential related to thediapirs and side-sealed by the salt, but investigation and mapping is complicated bydisturbance of the seismic signals close to the salt structures. A few structures are relatedto faulting, for example the Vedsted Structure, these structures may have 2, 3 or 4 wayclosures (figure 5).Figure 5: Cross-section trending SW–NE across the Danish area from the Ringkøbing-Fyn High (SW) to the Skagerrak-Kattegat Platform (NE). Position of the cross-section isshown on figure 2. The section illustrates the variation of the salts structures rangingfrom gentle four-dip dome closures with a fully preserved overlying sedimentary columnto salt diapirs penetrating most of the Mesozoic succession. The Danish area has severallarge dome structures with preserved reservoirs and cap rocks.1) Soft dome structure, 2)Diapirs, 3) Fault related structure (The Vedsted structure). Modified from Vejbæk 1990,1997.In the GeoCapacity project a number of structures were selected and evaluated withregards to the possibility for CO 2 storage (figure 4). The selected structures are mainlyidentified on the basis of old seismic data, and in case of future utilization, the structureswill need further investigations and qualification based on new seismic data and wells.The data suggest that the structural traps alone may provide storage for at least 16Gt CO 2assuming that the effective storage capacity is 40% of the total pore volume within thestructure. Unfaulted, thick units of claystones or evaporites seal the traps (Larsen et al.2003).Apart from the ten structures described in the GeoCapacity project many othergeological structures within the Danish territory may prove suitable for CO 2 storage(figure 4). Especially in the eastern part of the Norwegian-Danish Basin and close to theSorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone where the sedimentary succession is extensive, the potentialfor CO 2 storage seems to be promising.The potential for CO 2 storage is limited at the Skagerrak-Kattegat platform area becauseof a thin sedimentary cover. However close to the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone the6Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 53
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
Page 5 and 6: sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8: 11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10: ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12: Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14: how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16: (9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18: (16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22: Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24: Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26: Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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