Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Improved High Temperature SuperconductorMaterials for Wind Turbine GeneratorsPeter B. Mozhaev 1, 3 , Alexey V. Khoryushin 1, 3 , Julia E. Mozhaeva 1, 3 , Niels H.Andersen 2 , Jean-Claude Grivel 2 , Jørn Bindslev Hansen 1 , Claus S. Jacobsen 11 Physics Department, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark,2 Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark3 Institute of Physics and Technology RAS, 117218, Moscow, Russian FederationAbstractEffects of yttria addition on the structural and electrical properties of the YBCO thinfilms are studied. The films were deposited on (LaAlO 3 ) .3 -(Sr 2 AlTaO 8 ) .7 substrates bypulsed laser ablation from targets with different elemental composition. The contents ofelements in the film depend mainly on the yttrium content in the target. An increase ofyttrium content leads to formation of a porous film with significant improvement ofcurrent-carrying capabilities (critical current density reaches 35 kA/cm 2 at 77 K, 5 T, andexceeds 2 MA/cm 2 at 50 K, 5 T). The Y-enriched YBCO film remains c-oriented up to600 nm thickness with no suppression of the critical current density in the film. Yttriadecoration of the substrate surface prior to deposition resulted in formation of YBCOfilms with low strain and high crystal perfection. In contrast to the Y-enriched YBCOfilms, the films on yttria layers are dense. At temperatures of 77 K and above the YBCOfilms on yttria-decorated substrates exhibit critical current densities comparable to orbetter than that of the Y-enriched films.1 IntroductionThe implementation of superconducting coated conductors in power applications, likemotors or generators, requires high current-carrying capabilities in magnetic fields of 1to5 T. Natural pinning centers in high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) thin filmscan not provide the necessary pinning, thus the introduction of artificial pinning centers(APCs) is needed [1]. The technology of APCs formation should meet the followingrequirements: (1) the APCs should be dense enough to provide pinning at high magneticfield; (2) the diameter of the APC should correspond to the optimal pinning in the chosenHTSC material; and (3) the APC material should not spoil the adjacent HTSC area.Utilization of “foreign” phases – i.e. elements other than that of HTSC – always resultsin suppression of superconductivity in the neighboring area, and starting from somecertain volume percentage (2-5% for various APC materials, e.g. see [2, 3]), the overallsuperconducting properties of the composite are compromised. This makes the “native”particulates present in HTSC thin films, consisting of the same elements as thesuperconductor, more favorable as APCs. Among “native” oxides the Y 2 BaCuO 5 andY 2 O 3 (yttria) have attracted the main attention because they are not expelled from theYBCO matrix and can form nanosize inclusions in the superconductor layer. TheY 2 BaCuO 5 nanoparticles are relatively big and their introduction may result in cracks inthe neighboring superconductor [4]. Y 2 O 3 inclusions are smaller and form a coherentinterface with the YBCO matrix due to a good match of lattice constants [5], withminimal reduction of critical temperature of the superconductor. This set of featuresresulted in extensive studies of yttria nanoparticles as possible APCs [3, 6 - 11].Two main routes for incorporating yttria into YBCO films have been suggested:decoration of the substrate surface, resulting in seeding of yttria nanoparticles [6, 7], andRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 238
addition of yttria to the growing film [7 - 12]. The first technique provides excess yttriaonly in the very beginning of the growth, and the effect on the critical current density ismainly due to the formation of extended linear defects in the YBCO film overgrowingthe yttria nanoparticles. The second method has been implemented by direct addition ofyttria into the film by sputtering [8] or ablation [9], or by the use of targets with excessrare-earth element [10], and by sequential deposition of YBCO layers and intermediatequasi-layers of yttria [3, 11, 12]. In [7] the excess yttrium in the film resulted from thefeatures of the deposition technology. In these studies the yttria nanoparticles wereformed during the growth of the superconducting layer, and were overgrown by theYBCO matrix resulting in a 3D-net of pinning centers embedded in the superconductor.No suppression of superconductivity, or just a minor effect on T c [11] was observed insuch composites.In this paper we present results of our studies of yttria addition into YBCO filmsdeposited by PLD, by direct addition into the growing film by changing the targetelemental composition, and by yttria decoration of the substrate before deposition of thesuperconductor. The goal is to study the differences in the mechanisms of yttria additionon the film properties.2 Experimental methodsAll films were deposited by PLD, pulsed laser deposition (KrF excimer laser, λ = 248nm). The details of the deposition technique can be found elsewhere [13]. The depositionof superconducting layers was done in conditions optimized for the formation of highcrystal quality and high critical temperature thin YBCO films on perovskite substrates(770 ˚C, 0.8 mbar total pressure, Ar/O 2 = 8/2 sccm, laser energy density on target1.5 J/cm 2 , deposition rate 0.165 nm/s, post-deposition oxygenation in 500 mbar O 2 at450 ˚C for 1 hour). The films were mainly grown on (100) (LaAlO 3 ) .3 -(Sr 2 AlTaO 8 ) .7(LSAT) perovskite substrates, providing fine conditions for YBCO formation.A short optimization run was carried out to find the conditions for yttria particledeposition on the substrate surface, details will be published elsewhere. In brief, westudied the effect of pressure during ablation and of laser beam energy density on thetarget on size and density of nanoparticles formed on the substrate surface. The bestresults were obtained at substrate temperature 800 ˚C, Ar pressure 0.2 mbar, and energydensity of 1.1 J/cm 2 . At these conditions we observed nanoparticles of 40-70 nm indiameter and 20-45 nm in height, with densities up to 1500 μm -2 after 4000 pulses.An important feature of the prepared yttria layers is the presence of both uniform smoothfilm and nanoparticles embedded into this film. We used this effect to prepare twodifferent types of yttria layers: a uniform “seeding” layer, completely covering thesubstrate surface, and a “template” layer, consisting of individual nanoparticles withalmost no uniform film. The average thickness of both layers was 0.8 nm. All yttrialayers showed single (100) orientation. The lattice constant of the yttria layers was11.609 Å, close to that of bulk yttria (11.605 Å).The surface morphology of the films was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM),and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition of the filmswas found using EDAX analysis and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis based onquantitative optical emission spectroscopy. The structural parameters were determinedby X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements in Bragg geometry.3 Results and discussion3.1 Transfer of composition from target to YBCO filmIn PLD, the transport of material from target to substrate is a rather complicated processwith many parameters influencing the resulting composition (e.g. see [14]). We confinedRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 239
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
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Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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