Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Table 1. Electric power generation technologies for community-based approaches. Main findings on social, environmental, economic and technical issues.SolarPhotovoltaicSystemsBiomassbasedelectricpower(in general)BiogasSocial issues Environmental aspects Economic issues Technological challenges* Operation free of GHGemissions* Already economic feasible for * Design of new or adaptation of* Life cycle GHG emissionsmany off-grid solutionsexisting products according todepend on system (35gCO 2 eq/kWh) (1)* Appropriate financial schemes technical, social and economicrequired: Investment costs too high requirements of low-income* Appropriate disposal/recyclingfor low-income population ≥ 5,000 populationsystem of components (e.g.US$/kW (4)* Further cost reductionbatteries, PV cells) crucial foravoiding detrimental effects* Awareness on limits of smallPV needed to avoid highexpectations/ disappointment ofuser* Appropriate deliverynetworks crucial for assuringeffectively access to productsand services* Supportive: e.g. additionalvalue to products (or waste)from agricultural/forestactivities* Detrimental: concentration ofland ownership, competing landuses, increase in food prices,etc.* Changes in traditionalpractices: e.g. longer corralstanding times* Cultural barriers: use ofwastes* Establishing managerialstructures for collection offeedstock and operation ofcommunal plants can bechallenging.Impacts depend on supply:* Use of waste is often linked toenvironmental improvements* Increasing production of biomassmay lead to positive (reforestation)or negative effects (clearing offorests)* By substituting the untreateddisposal of waste flows,environmental and human healthrisks can be reduced or avoided.* By using animal manure, netreductions of GHG emissions canbe achieved, up to 850 gCO 2 eq/kWh (2)* Operation costs depends onbiomass supply scheme.* Use of wastes often implies onlycosts for collection and transport.* Increasing biomass productionsupposes additional allocation ofresources (land, water), labour,inputs* Research on sustainable biomassproduction needed: increasing theuptake of biomass whileavoiding/mitigating detrimentalimpacts* Practical experience on villageelectrification based on biogas stillscarce.* Main investment outlay:* Lack of commercial "robust" gasBiodigester and engine generatorgenerator sets of low power ratesset.( US$2,000 per kW (4) * Development of small compacttrigeneration units (electricity, heatand cold) use more effectively biogasenergy content10Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 354
Vegetable oilMicrohydroPowerSmall WindPower* Cultivation of energy plantsmay displace/reduce means oflivelihood: e.g. changes in landuse, (re)allocation of labour andinputs.* Synergies or conflicts withother socio-economic issuespossible: Irrigation, floodprevention, navigation,recreational activities.* Establishment of localtechnical and managerialcapabilities decisive forsustainable operation* Establishment of localtechnical and managerialcapabilities decisive forsustainable operation* Some oil plants can be used inreforestation measures and/or aslive fences.* Overall GHG emissions marginal* Modifications of the naturalwater flow can have criticalimpacts on ecosystems.Appropriate flow managementstrategies* Overall (life cycle) GHGemissions depend on systemconfiguration. It can be as lower as23 g CO 2 eq/kWh (3)* Appropriate disposal/recyclingschemes necessary (e.g. forbatteries)* Risks of seed production (e.g.unstable yields, pests, waterscarcity, etc)* Seasonality of seed harvests.Storage capacities required* Power generation component haslow capital costs (US$ 200 to 500US$ per kW) but recurrentoperation costs* Capital costs highly depend onsite characteristics* Cost of "pico-hydro" solutionsaround US$ 1,500 per kW.* Cost generation systems (minigrids)vary US$ 2,000 - US$ 2,800per kW (4)* Capital costs of whole systems(including batteries, controls etc.)still high: > US$ 4,000 per kW (4)* Successful experiences oncommunal approaches still scarce.* Development and commercializationof in-stream turbines will enlarge theapplicability of micro-hydro power* Efforts in standardizing methods formeasuring and reporting technicalcharacteristics needed* Data for wind and productionprediction in developing countriesoften scarce* Cost reductions(1) Estimations for on-grid PV system in south Europe in Frankl et al., 2006; (2) estimations for biogas based power generation in Germany in Fritsche et al., 2007;(3) estimations for on-shore wind systems in Europe in DONG Energy, 2008; (4) capital costs estimations for different off-grid options in ESMAP, 200711Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 355
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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