Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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electricity purchase by grid companies, tax credits. While offering subsidies forrenewable energy development and persuading consumers and tax payers to pay forthe extra costs, creating new jobs, especially in the manufacturing of renewableenergy equipment, is often used as one of the strong argument. Therefore, countrieswith ambitious target for renewable energy development, often combines measuresfor boosting local manufacturing of renewable energy equipment. In some cases,governments limits the beneficiaries of the supporting policies to local renewableenergy equipment manufacturers and enterprises in order to boost local job creation,manufacturing base development, as well as protecting local manufacturers from thecompetition by international equipment providers.The majority of countries in the world are members the World Trade Organisation(WTO), the only global international organization dealing with the rules of tradebetween nations. WTO promotes opening market and minimum governmentintervention. It demands member countries to make no discrimination amongproducts and services from different countries and no discrimination to importedproducts and foreign enterprises against domestic ones. Member countries whoseinterests are hurt by such discrimination can take countervailing measures, demandcompensation, or complain to the WTO and request investigation and judgement bythe WTO Trade Dispute Settlement Body.In 2010, two trade disputes arise among WTO member countries regarding domesticfiscal measures for renewable energy development. This is for the first timerenewable energy becomes the subject of trade disputes under the WTO. One caseis brought by the US against the Chinese grants for local wind power equipmentmanufacturers, and the other is brought by Japan against the Canadian ProvinceOntario for its preferential tariff scheme for renewable energy, which stipulates onlywind and solar equipment meeting certain local content requirement can benefit fromthe scheme.This paper will examine these two cases, various domestic support for investment inrenewable energy, the WTO rules on subsidies and incentives and the internationaltrade dispute settlement mechanism, the possible results of the two cases based onthe experiences with previous cases, as well as how to design the domesticmeasures to avoid possible trade disputes.II. The Japan – Canada trade dispute concerning Canada’s Policy SupportingElectricity from Renewable SourcesThe Japan against Canada trade dispute is the first ever WTO trade dispute onrenewable energy. Japan filed the case to WTO because it believes Canada violatesit WTO obligations and discriminates against imported products. The CanadianOntario Province introduced the policy of offering 20-40 year long term fixed tariffcontract for projects generating electricity from renewable sources, which has a theminimum local content requirements for the wind and solar PV equipments used insuch projects. Local content requirement is forbidden in WTO rules and countriesthat include or plan to introduce such requirements in their renewable energysupporting policies may wonder whether they can continue to do so.2.1 The WTO case of Japan against Canada for Local Content Requirements inOntario’s Feed-in Tariff program 1On 13 September 2010, Japan requested consultations with Canada regardingCanada's measures relating to domestic content requirements in the feed-in tariffprogram (the “FIT Program”). Japan claimed that the measures are inconsistent withCanada's obligations under WTO because the FIT Program accord less favourable1 WTO Case ispute website: DS412 Canada — Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable EnergyGeneration Sector (Complainant: Japan)Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 88
treatment to imported renewable energy generation equipment than that accorded tolike products originating in Ontario. In the same month, the United States and theEuropean Union requested to join the consultations and became third parties in thistrade dispute.The FIT Program for Under Dispute:Ontario's feed-in tariff or FIT Program is North America's first comprehensiveguaranteed pricing structure for renewable electricity production. It offersstable prices under long-term contracts for energy generated from renewablesources, including: biomass, biogas, landfill gas, on-shore wind, solar PV, andhydropower.The FIT Program was enabled by the Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009which was passed into law on May 14, 2009. The Ontario Power Authority (OPA) isresponsible for implementing the program.By encouraging the development of renewable energy in Ontario, the FIT Programaims at:Help Ontario phase out coal-fired electricity generation by 2014 - the largestclimate change initiative in Canada;Boost economic activity and the development of renewable energytechnologies; andCreate new green industries and jobs.Project eligible can enter into a 20-year FIT contract (40 years for qualifyingwaterpower projects) with the OPA. The detailed feed-in tariffs offered under the FITis shown in Table 1.Table 1. Feed-in Tariff Prices for Renewable Energy Projects in Ontario (August 13,2010)Renewable fuel Size range ContractPrice ¢/kWhEscalationPercentageBiomass ≤10 MW 13.8 20%>10 MW 13.0 20%Biogas On-farm ≤100kW 19.5 20%On-farm >100kW≤250kW 18.5 20%Biogas ≤500kW 16.0 20%Biogas >500kW≤10MW 14.7 20%Biogas >10 MW 10.4 20%Waterpower ≤10 MW 13.1 20%>10MW≤50MW 12.2 20%Landfill gas ≤10 MW 11.1 20%>10 MW 10.3 20%Solar PV Rooftop ≤10kW 80.2 0%Rooftop >10≤250kW 71.3 0%Rooftop >250≤500kW 63.5 0%Rooftop >500kW 53.9 0%Ground ≤10kW 64.2 0%MountedGround >10kW≤10MW 44.3 0%MountedWind Onshore Any size 13.5 20%Offshore Any size 19.0 20%Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 89
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Page 344 and 345:
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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