Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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10[22] Verbruggen A, Tradable green certificates in Flanders (Belgium), Energy Policy,2004, 32(2) 165-176[23] Verbruggen A, Performance evaluation of renewable energy support policies,applied on Flanders’ tradable certificates system, Energy Policy, Volume 37(4),2009, 1385-1394[24] RWI. Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energies: the Germanexperience .Finalreport,RWI,Essen, 2009.[25] Sensfuss F, Ragwitz M, Kratzat M, Langniß O, Obersteiner C.,Müller Th, Merten F,Fischedick M. Fortentwicklung des Erneuerbaren Energien Gesetzes (EEG) zurMarktdurchdringung Erneuerbarer Energien im deutschen und europäischenStrommarkt. Karlsruhe, 2007.[26] Gómez A, Zubizarreta J, Dopazo C, Fueyo N. Spanish energy roadmap to 2020:Socioeconomic implications of renewable targets, Energy, In Press, CorrectedProof, Available online 3 April 2010[27] Munoz, M,Oschmann VT, _Labara JD. Harmonisation of renewable electricityfeed-in laws in the European Union, Energy Policy, 35, 2007, 3104–3114.[28] Klessmann C, Lamers P. Ragwitz M., Resch G. 2010. Design options forcooperation mechanisms under the new European renewable energy directive,Energy Policy, 38 2010, 4679-4691[29] Klessmann C, The evolution of flexibility mechanisms for achieving Europeanrenewable energy targets 2020—ex-ante evaluation of the principle mechanisms.Energy Policy 37, 2009, 4966–4979.[30] Toke D. Renewable financial support systems and cost-effectiveness, Journal ofCleaner Production, 15, 2007, 280-287.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 76
The development and diffusion of renewableenergy technologies in Norway and DenmarkAntje Klitkou* and Birte Holst Jørgensen*** NIFU Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education,Wergelandsveien 7, 0167 Oslo, E-mail: antje.klitkou@nifu.no** Risø-DTU Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Wind Energy Division,E-mail: bhjq@risoe.dtu.dkAbstractBy applying the technological innovation systems concept this paper compares two casestudies on the development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies: the case ofsolar photovoltaics in Norway and offshore wind in Denmark. Both cases show a highactivity level, in terms of RD&D and industrial deployment. Both cases illustrate thecontribution to energy security of supply as well as prospects for business opportunitieson global markets. The focus of the paper is on what stimulates the development anddiffusion of new renewable technologies, asking: Which framework conditions facilitatetechnology development and the competitiveness of the industry and what are the lessonslearned?1. IntroductionThe transition to a low carbon energy system requires the emergence and deployment ofnew renewable energy technologies in a large scale. Many options are open. And theyare not confined to national borders. Deployment of renewable energy technology at aglobal scale can be an important option beside the development of the national energysystem. For that purpose innovation policy at the national level is decisive. The papercompares two cases which have high importance for the two Nordic countries in terms ofvalue creation for national energy security of supply and for the worldwide deploymentof more efficient renewable energy technologies: offshore wind technology in Denmarkand solar photovoltaics in Norway. The presented case studies show some similarities –strong achievements regarding business opportunities of renewable energy technology,but also some differences: The Danish offshore wind case illustrates the importance of afirst mover home and North European market for the competitive development of thetechnology, while this has not been the case for the Norwegian photovoltaic case whichshows a strong orientation towards export on the global market. This paper addresseswhich framework conditions have facilitated the competitive development and diffusionof the technology, and what are the lessons learned.2. The theoretical approachThis paper applies the concept of technological innovation systems. Theories ontechnological innovation systems, introduced and developed by Carlsson andStànkiewicz (Carlsson & Stànkiewicz, 1991) define a technological system as:“a network of agents interacting in the economic/industrial area under aparticular institutional infrastructure and involved in the generation,Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 77
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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