Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

an annual increase in demand of 6%, whereas the global case of table III would beequivalent to an increase of the magnet demand by 69%. The latter scenario is not verylikely; because such a demand increase will justify considerable new production sitesand the price of the RE elements will probably also increase dramatically. Thus what ismore likely is that a mixture of drive train topologies outlined in table III will be used.Table III gives an indication of how the usage of hybrid drive trains consisting of a twostage gearbox and a medium speed generator can reduce the dependence of the Ndsupplies. Finally, it should be stressed that the direct drive superconducting synchronousgenerator will reduce this dependence dramatically. However the price of thesuperconducting tape is still a challenge preventing large scale utilization.TABLE IIIUSAGE OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS NEODYMIUM AND YTTRIUM, FOR THE DIFFERENT DRIVE TRAINS. COLUMNSTHREE TO FIVE SHOW THE ESTIMATED NEED TO FULFIL THE EU OFFSHORE, THE TOTAL EU AND THE GLOBAL WINDPOWER CAPACITY IN THE PERIOD 2015-2030.TYPENd/Y metalusage [kg/MW]EU offshore 110GW[ton of metal]EU total 170GW[ton of metal]Global 1280GW[ton of metal]DDPM 200 22,000 34,000 260,0002GPM 20 2,200 3,400 26,000DDHTS 0.10 11 17 130DDIG 0 0 0 0DDPM: Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Generator; 2GPM: Two Stage Gearbox Permanent MagnetGenerator; DDHTS: Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generator; DDIG: Direct DriveInduction Generator. Note: The weight fraction of Nd in Nd 2 Fe 14 B and of Y in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x is 0.27and 0.13 respectively.5 ConclusionThe trend towards offshore wind farms is calling for reliable and efficient wind turbines.Increasing the size of the turbines and focusing on reliability and efficiency results in alower cost of energy for the user. Commercially, the majority of the large wind turbinemanufacturers have chosen to employ permanent magnet generators to meet the demandfor reliability and efficiency. Some have chosen the geared version, where the size of thegenerator is relatively small, whilst others have chosen to omit the gearbox and use arelatively large generator. If the gearbox is omitted there is one less failure componentand hence the direct drive promoters argue that the reliability will improve. As the directdrive permanent magnet technology is relatively young, the improved reliability remainsto be proven.The exponential increase in the global demand for rare earth elements (REE) andChina’s monopoly on supplying REE, has resulted in increased costs and globalconcerns regarding to security of supply. If the supply of REE should become an issue inthe future or if the price continues to rise, the wind turbine manufacturers have toconsider how they can minimize the use of REE in their wind turbines. One way ofdoing this is by employing a gearbox that reduces the size of the generator and hence theamount of permanent magnets needed. This paper has presented two generatortopologies, which are not as reliant on REE as the permanent magnet generators.The first topology is a “low tech” solution, where a direct drive induction generator(DDIG) is used. The DDIG does not require REE and has a very simple structure, whichshould result in a highly reliable wind turbine.The second topology is a “high tech” solution, where a direct drive HTS generator(DDHTS) is used. The DDHTS requires REE but only approximately a 1000 th of whatwould be required in a direct drive permanent magnet generator. The DDHTS isRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 236
however, an unproven technology that requires a rather sophisticated cooling system,and also that the annual production of HTS tapes should be increased by a few orders ofmagnitude.It is difficult to predict which technologies will dominate the offshore wind turbinemarket in the future, but if the supply of REE or the prices of REE restrict the windturbine manufacturers, then a possible solution might be either the direct drive inductiongenerator or the direct drive HTS generator.References[1] H. Polinder, F. F. A. van der Pijl, G. J. de Vilder, and P. J. Tavner, “Comparison of direct-driveand geared generator concepts for wind turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.21, No. 3, pp. 725-733, Sep. 2006.[2] EWEA statistics 2009[3] EWEA Pure power report 2009[4] A.B. Abrahamsen, N. Mijatovic, E. Seiler, T. Zirngibl, C. Træholt, P.B. Nørgård, N. F. Pedersen,N. H. Andersen and J. Østergård, “Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators,” SuperconductingScience and Technology Vol. 23, No. 3, 034019, 2010.[5] J. Lifton, “North America doesn’t need china’s rare earth metals,” The Gold Report, 21 Jun. 2010,Retrieved 4 Mar. 2011 from http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article20495.html[6] D. J. Kingsnorth, “Rare earths: facing new challenges in the new decade,” SME Annual Meeting2010, Phoenix Az. Retrieved 3 Mar. 2011 fromhttp://www.smenet.org/rareEarthsProject/SME_2010_Kingsnorth.pdf[7] M. Ramsey, “Toyota tries to break reliance on china,” Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2011, Retrieved1 Mar. 2011, from http://www.techmetalsresearch.com/2011/01/toyota-tries-to-break-reliance-onchina/[8] J. S. Hsu, C. W. Ayers, C. L. Coomer, “Report on Toyota/Prius Motor Design and ManufacturingAssessment,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2004.[9] A. Laxson, M. M. Hand, N. Blair, “High wind penetration impact of U.S. wind manufacturingcapacity and critical resources, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical report,NREL/TP-500-40482, October 2006.[10] C. Zhanheng, “Global rare earth resources and scenarios of future rare earth industry”, Journal ofRare Earths, Vol. 29, No. 1, Jan. 2011.[11] Pui-Kwan Tse, “China’s Rare Earth Industry,” U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, 2011[12] J. Lifton, “Rare Metals Investment News Updates, Today’s Edition (RareMINUTES) 050709NEODYMIUM,” www.glgroup.com, Retrieved 28 Feb. 2011 fromhttp://www.glgroup.com/News/Rare-Metals-Investment-News-Updates-Todays-Edition-%28RareMINUTES%29-050709-NEODYMIUM-38883.html[13] D. J. Cordier of USGS, “U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2011,”retrieved 3Mar. 2011 from http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2011-raree.pdf[14] J. Lifton, “The Effect of Chinese Domestic Growth on Neodymium and Dysprosium Supply,”Technology Metals Research, 13 March. 2011, Retrieved 13 Mar. 2011 fromhttp://www.techmetalsresearch.com/2011/03/the-effect-of-chinese-domestic-growth-onneodymium-and-dysprosium-supply[15] Enercon company website, retrieved 4 Mar. 2011 from http://www.enercon.de/en-en/82.htm[16] M. L. Henriksen, B. B. Jensen, “Induction Generators for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines,” IEEEInternational Electric Machines and Drives Conference, IEMDC’11, Niagara Falls, Canada, Mar.2011.[17] G. Snitchler, “Progress on high temperature superconductor propulsion motors and direct drivewind generators,” International Power Electronics Conference, Sapporo, Jun. 2010.[18] C. Lewis and J. Müller, “A Direct Drive Wind Turbine HTS Generator”, IEEE Power EngineeringSociety General Meeting,, Tampa, FL, Jun. 2007.[19] A.B. Abrahamsen, B.B. Jensen, E. Seiler, N. Mijatovic, V.M.R. Zermeno, N.H. Andersen and J.Østergård, “Feasibility of 5MW superconducting wind turbine generator,” Accepted for Physica C,2011.[20] Hui Li, Zhe Chen, Henk Polinder, ”Optimization of MultiBrid-permanent magnet wind generatorsystem,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 24, No. 1, Mar. 2009.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 237
Page 1 and 2:
Energy Systems and Technologies for
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
Page 5 and 6:
sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8:
11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10:
ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12:
Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14:
how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16:
(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18:
(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22:
Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24:
Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26:
Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28:
"Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30:
Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32:
transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34:
northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36:
Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38:
More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40:
6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42:
Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44:
Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46:
Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48:
4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50:
Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52:
Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56:
The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58:
The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60:
Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62:
Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64:
Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66:
In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68:
6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70:
Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72:
1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74:
3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76:
54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78:
7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80:
[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82:
The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84:
a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86:
applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88:
nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90:
for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92:
Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94:
treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96:
In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98:
grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100:
In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102:
Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104:
Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106:
Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108:
their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110:
60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112:
discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114:
the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115:
ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119:
As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121:
Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123:
1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125:
occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127:
This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129:
ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131:
This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133:
concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135:
to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137:
Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141:
ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143:
Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145:
[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147:
2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149:
25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151:
160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153:
The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155:
Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157:
2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159:
Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161:
Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163:
3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165:
5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167:
6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169:
Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171:
Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173:
C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175:
Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177:
the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179:
The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181:
The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183:
can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185:
3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187:
one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189:
4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291:
Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293:
Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295:
2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297:
where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299:
hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301:
The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303:
Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 304 and 305:
power production from utilizing the
Page 306 and 307:
2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309:
Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311:
efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313:
[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315:
On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317:
educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319:
In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321:
coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323:
400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325:
Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327:
What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329:
Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331:
The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333:
eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335:
Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337:
Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339:
Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341:
Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353:
useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355:
parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357:
The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359:
Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361:
5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363:
IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365:
of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367:
Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369:
….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371:
case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373:
ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375:
3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377:
The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379:
Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381:
The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383:
In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385:
Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387:
Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389:
power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
Page 390 and 391:
83,385 to 109,108 while the number
Page 392 and 393:
other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395:
emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397:
where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399:
increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401:
while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403:
into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405:
impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407:
7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409:
Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411:
Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413:
2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415:
compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417:
Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419:
3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421:
Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423:
3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425:
4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427:
Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429:
Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431:
Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433:
atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435:
negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437:
25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439:
800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441:
[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
Page 442 and 443:
Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
Page 444 and 445:
compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
Page 446 and 447:
Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449:
Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451:
spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453:
7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
Page 454:
Risø DTU is the National Laborator
show all

Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?