Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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83,385 to 109,108 while the number of registered buses rose by 7.27% from 2,612 to2,802 6 . This is dismaying since motor vehicles keep on expanding whilst no efficientplanning is being made so far to magnify the country’s road network 7 . The length of roadis 2,066 km as per the year 2009. It has merely increased by 38 km as compared to theprevious year. In this day and age, traffic congestion and car emissions 8 are, so far,paramount. The decision confronting the government of Mauritius is how to respond tobooming motorization subsequent to an emerging standard of living.Traffic congestion is costing the Mauritian economy millions while many individuals arefinding themselves trapped for hours in the traffic. Moreover, as per Menon (2004), “costof traffic congestion in Mauritius is estimated at 1.2 billion Rs 9(excluding vehicleoperating costs) annually. There is anecdotal evidence that motorists spend as much as600 hrs annually in traffic congestion.” This problem is exacerbated with car emissionsleading to environmental concerns. Exhaust fumes represent the most critical part of thewaste generated by a vehicle and can impact adversely on the quality of air, waste andsoil (Himanen et al, 1992). Road congestion “… not only imposes high costs in terms oflost time and high stress, but also increases emissions by decreasing the speed of travel(Alpizar and Carlsson, 2003). As per the Kyoto Protocol that took effect on February16 th , 2005, many countries have triggered off plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsand are especially interested in (CO 2 ) mitigation. Recently, the government initiated the6 The data are computed from the 2009 Central Statistical Office report which can be accessed online at:www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/anudig09.pdf.7 More information about the transport data are available online at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei816/toc.htm.8 Car emissions are the waste products emissions emanating from the exhaust pipe. The emissions consist of CO 2 ,nitrogen gas (N 2 ), water vapor (H 2 O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), hydrocarbons, etc.9 The exchange rate is $1=Rs.27.50 in 2004 and by 2009 it is $1= Rs. 33.60.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 386
“Maurice Ile Durable 10 (MID)” project in 2007 with the objective of making Mauritiusless dependent on imported fossil fuel i.e. 65% autonomy by the year 2028. In June 2008,the MID Fund was set up to finance programmes which aimed at achieving greater fuelefficiency in the use of energy in residential, corporate and public sectors.In the perspective of devising proper transport and environmental policies, knowledge ofthe demand for traveler’s transport is hence vital. The purpose of the study is twofold:first, factors influencing the mode of transport to work in Mauritius are assessed andsecond determinants of atmospheric emissions especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissionsfrom cars are studied. Income, working place, travel expenses and time to work durationare found to significantly affect the travel choice while age, fuel type and distance affectsignificantly the level of car emissions produced when commuting to work. The paper isorganized as follows: Section 2 overviews the literature. Section 3 describes the data.Section 4 and Section 5 present the empirical results for the choice mode and CO 2emissions model respectively. Section 6 concludes and provides some policyrecommendations.2 Previous ResearchNumerous studies were based on mode of transport and at the same time, acknowledgingthe acuteness of congestion. Some early research includes that of McGillivray (1972)who analyzes the mode of choice for selected urban trips in the San Francisco Bay area.Transit fares are found to be more important in mode choice for the work trip than for10 More details about the MID are available on the government website at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/ goc/mpu/ file/ile.pdf.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 387
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401: while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405: impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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