Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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where g 0 , R an T are the specific Gibbs free energy, universal gas constant and gastemperature respectively. Each atomic element in the inlet gas is balance with the outletgas composition, which yields the flow of each atom has to be conserved. For Nelements this is expressed ask w ni, in 1i1m1Aij n m,out Amjfor j ,N(13)The N elements correspond to H 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O and CH 4 in this pre-reforming process. A mjis the number of atoms of element j (H, C, O, N) in each molecule of entering compoundi (H 2 , CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, O 2 , N 2 and Ar), while A ij is the number of atoms of element jin each molecule of leaving compound m (H 2 , CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, N 2 and Ar). Theminimization of the Gibbs free energy can be formulated by introducing a Lagrangemultiplier, , for each of the N constraints obtained in Eq. (15). After adding theconstraints, the expression to be minimized is thenN k w G tot, out jnout ij m in mj j i , A n , A(14)1 i1 m1The partial derivation of this equation with respect ton i,outcan be writes as ni,outg G ni0i,outtot,out, out RT lnNj1 Ajij 0 for i 1, kNni, outpout jAij 0 for i 1, kj1(15)At the minimum each of these is then zero. The additional equation to make the systemconsistent is the summation of molar fractions of the outlet gas to beki1n 1(16)i, out3 Suggested Plants ConfigurationsThe suggested plants configurations are presented in Figs. 1. Wood chips are supplied tothe two-stage gasification plant for biogas production. The first reactor accounts fordrying and pyrolysing processes while the second reactor is the fixed bed gasifier. Asreported in Hoffman et al (2006), the product gas is pure enough to be fed to a SOFC cellwithout any problem. However, in this study a simple hot gas cleaner is used to removethe small amount of sulfur which exists after the gasifier. It is assumed that thedesulfurizer is working at about 240C. The cleaned fuel is preheated and in an anodepre-heater (AP) to 650C before entering to the anode side of the SOFC stacks. Theoperating temperature of the SOFC stacks as well as the outlet temperatures is assumedto be 780C. The burned fuel after the stacks is used to preheat the incoming fuel to AP.On the other side of the fuel cell, air is compressed and preheated in a cathode pre-heater(CP) to 600C before entering the cathode side of the SOFC stacks. Because some fuel isleft after the anode side of the SOFC stacks, the rest of the fuel together with the aircoming out of the cathode side are sent to a burner for further combustion. The off-gasesfrom the burner is used to generate steam in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)using an economizer (ECO), an evaporator (EVA) and a super-heater (SUP). Thegenerated steam can then be expanded in a steam turbine to produce power. In this study,part of the expanded steam is extracted for a deaerator (feed water tank). The expandedsteam after the turbine is then send to a condenser before pumping to deaerator.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 292
In Fig. 1b, the energy of the off-gases from the HRSG was further utilized in a hybridrecuperator (HR in the figure) to preheat the air after the compressor of the SOFC cycle.In other words, heat was recycled back to the SOFC cycle. The study of Rokni (2010)showed that such technique increases the plant efficiency significantly.SOFCGas CleanerSHGPHGasifierWooda)CPBurnerAPSteamAirAshAirECO EVA SUPSTDeaeratorCondenserSOFCGas CleanerSHGPHGasifierWoodb)HRCPBurnerAPSteamAirAshAirECO EVA SUPSTDeaeratorCondenserFigure 1. Integrated gasification SOFC-ST plant a) without hybrid recuperator, b) withhybrid recuperator.The main parameters for the plant are set in table 1. The pressure drops are the settingvalues for the program, however, pressure drops are a function of channel sizes and massflows and the channel geometry is not kwon. Therefore, these values are calculatedbased on the available data for each channel mass flow and dimensions. In addition, thecalculations show that the final values in terms of plant power and efficiency do notchange significantly if these values are changed slightly. Several calculations have beencarried out to find the optimal extraction pressure as well as the optimum live steampressure which are not included in this study. The HRSG terminal temperature wasassumed to be 30C while its pinch temperature and approach temperature were set to15C and 2C, respectively.In order to optimize the systems presented above, significant numbers of simulationshave been carried out. Plants efficiencies versus live steam pressures and moistercontents are presented in Fig. 2. The results indicate that, for the plant A had a maximumefficiency at live steam pressure of 8 bar (the solid-line in the figure). Note that the left-Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 293
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 298 and 299: hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301: The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303: Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 304 and 305: power production from utilizing the
Page 306 and 307: 2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309: Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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