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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for the Y-enriched films and for the standard film from thestoichiometric target are shown in Fig. 6. The standard film has a rather high j C (0 T),4.5×10 6 A/cm -2 (about 2×10 6 A/cm -2 at 77 K), but all Y-enriched films show higher j C .The j C (B) dependence remains almost the same with increasing thickness of the film,proving the preservation of the film structure during film growth.3.3 YBCO thin films on yttria decorated substratesYBCO thin films (~240 nm) were simultaneously deposited from the stoichiometrictarget on two LSAT samples with different yttria decoration and on a reference bareLSAT substrate. The morphology of the obtained samples is shown in Fig. 7. Largeelongated particles are present on the surfaces of the films on yttria layers (Fig. 7a, c).The particles are oriented along two orthogonal directions on the film surfaces, suchbehavior is typical for a-oriented particles. This supposition, though, is not confirmed bythe XRD measurements. Peaks of a-orientation are absent for the YBCO film on atemplate layer of nanoparticles (Fig. 8). A weak peak from an a-oriented part of the filmis observed only for the film on a uniform yttria layer (top curve, Fig. 8), and, probably,corresponds to the small elongated particles on the film surface (Fig. 7b), that are rare onAFM micrographs of other films.The crystal structure of the c-oriented grains seems to be of higher quality for the filmson yttria layers: the peaks on the XRD θ/2θ-scans are smeared for the YBCO film on abare LSAT substrate, while clear K α1 /K α2 splitting can be seen on both other curves(Fig. 8, left). The reason is strain, for films on yttria layers δd/d = 0.3%, while on a baresubstrate it increases to 0.5%. The c lattice constant is the same for all three films andequals to 11.673 ±0.005 Å. A small c lattice constant implies a high critical temperature;indeed, all three films showed very high T c , 91.4-91.8 K. The YBCO film on a baresubstrate showed both the lowest T c and the widest superconducting transition (Fig. 9).As the c lattice constant in the films does not differ, this variation in superconductingtransition should be attributed to the difference in lattice perfection.Fig. 9. AC susceptibility curves for YBCO films deposited from a stoichiometric targeton LSAT substrates with yttria decoration. Solid line: bare LSAT substrate; dashed line:uniform yttria layer; dotted line: template yttria nanoparicles layer.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 246
Fig. 10. Critical current density vs. magnetic field for YBCO films deposited from astoichiometric target on various yttria layers on LSAT substrates. The data for Y-enrichedfilms on bare LSAT substrates with different level of enrichment are added as reference.The critical current density of the YBCO films on yttria seeding layers also surpass theparameters of the film on a bare substrate (Fig. 10). At 77 K the critical current of YBCOfilms on yttria layers exceeds that of the standard film for all magnetic fields over 0.5 T.Comparison with Y-enriched films shows a crossover behaviour: at high temperature (>77 K) the YBCO films on yttria layers with better lattice perfection have higher values ofj C , but for lower temperature the high density of APCs in Y-enriched films overcome theadvantages of the YBCO films on yttria.R E F E R E N C E S1 K. Matsumoto and P. Mele, Supercond. Sci. Technol., v. 23 (2010) 0140012 M. Peurla et al., IEEE Trans Appl. Supercond., v. 15, (2005) pp. 3050-30533 C. Cai et al., Materials Science Forum, vols. 546-549 (2007) pp. 1865-18704 R. Cloots et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol., v. 18 (2005) pp. R9–R235 T.-Sh. Wang et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., v. 35 (2002) 2180–21826 B. Dam et al., Physica C, v. 341-348 (2000) pp. 2327-23307 M. Sparing et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol., v. 20 (2007) pp. S239–S2468 P. R. Broussard, V. C. Cestone and L. H. Allen, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., v.5 (1995) pp. 1222-12249 T. Sueyoshi et al., Physica C, v. 468 (2008) pp. 1266–126910 Q. Xie et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, v. 318 (2011) pp. 580-58511 T.A. Campbell et al., Physica C, v. 423 (2005) pp. 1–812 A. A. Gapud et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol., v. 18 (2005) pp. 1502–150513 P.B. Mozhaev et al., Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, v. 46 (1996) pp. 1519-152014 J. Schou, Applied Surface Science, v. 255 (2009) pp. 5191–519815 J.P. Gong et al., Phys. Rev. B, v. 50 (1994) pp. 3280-3287Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 247
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297: where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299: hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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