Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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process information needed are seldom publicly available. Another option forappropriate definition of reference systems is to use description of “best availabletechniques” (BAT) reported in sector-specific and cross-sector reference documents (e.g.BREFs issued by European IPPC Bureau; http://eippcb.jrc.es/reference/).If a retrofit green solution is to be assessed modernizing an existing solution one couldperform a “before - after” comparison considering impacts of the former processtechnology as baseline. Especially in the case of an assessment of environmentaltechnologies like flue gas treatment the baseline consideration should be based on theactual former situation taking into account legal obligations. For example it would not berealistic and therefore not allowed to compare retrofit flue gas treatment with the former“virtual” situation of flue gas emissions without any treatment. An important aspect ofthe establishment of an environmental baseline is the consideration of importantstakeholder‘s interpretation of environmental care. If stakeholders do not agree it is riskyto claim environmental care.Reference technology for the flue gas treatment of sinter off-gas has carefully beenchosen to be the Airfine ® process. Figure 5 illustrates the reason for justifying Airfine ®as an appropriate reference process because both process technologies are having thesame function to treat sinter off-gas by removing dust particles and other waste gascomponents. The Airfine ® process also complies with regulations for off-gas. Theproduct of the sinter plant provides the functional unit (1 ton sintered ore).AIRFINE ® MEROS ®Figure 5: AIRFINE ® system and MEROS ® system with system boundaries3 ResultsThe life cycle impact assessment of the different dedusting product systems revealsenvironmental impacts in five selected impact categories. The following impactcategories have been selected:- Abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP)- Eutrophication potential (EP)- Photo-chemical ozone depletion potential (POCP)- Global warming potential (GWP)- Acidification potential (AP)The selection of the impact categories reflects goal and scope of the comparison ofproduct systems dedicated to dedusting and desulfurization of sinter off-gas by applyingadditives (water, lime and sodium bicarbonate) and electrical power. Figure 6 shows theimpact indicator results in each of the selected impact categories. Compared to theRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 192
aseline process AIRFINE ® the MEROS ® process with additive hydrated lime shows thelowest environmental impact with respect to global warming (GWP), resource depletion(ADP) and eutrophication (EP). MEROS ® with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) as additiveleads to higher environmental impacts in these impact categories due to fact that itbears increased upstream environmental burdens compared to lime though it consumesless electrical energy per functional unit (4.83 kWh/ t sinter for additive hydrated lime –3.63 kWh/ t sinter for additive sodium bicarbonate). Looking at the impact categories ofphotochemical ozone creation and acidification MEROS ® with hydrated lime as additivereveals an increased desulfurization potential due to higher separation process efficiencycompared to AIRFINE ® . If sodium bicarbonate substitutes hydrated lime as additive thedegree of SO 2 separation can further be increased from 55% up to 90% removal. Thistakes additional resources of about 63% more NaHCO 3 per functional unit compared tothe conventional SO 2 separation degree of 55%.Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP)Eutrophication Potential (EP)0,050,004kg Sb-eq. / t sinter0,040,030,020,01kg Phosphate-eq. / t sinter0,0030,0020,0010,00AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2MEROS® NaHCO355% SO2 separationMEROS® NaHCO390% SO2 separation0,000AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2MEROS® NaHCO355% SO2 separationMEROS® NaHCO390% SO2 separationPhotochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)Global Warming Potential (GWP)0,0010,0kg Ethen-eq. / t sinter-0,01-0,02-0,03-0,04-0,05-0,06-0,07-0,08AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2MEROS® NaHCO355% SO2 separationMEROS® NaHCO390% SO2 separationkg CO2-eq. / t sinter8,06,04,02,00,0AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2MEROS® NaHCO355% SO2 separationMEROS® NaHCO390% SO2 separationAcidification Potential (AP)0,0kg SO2-eq. / t sinter-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2MEROS® NaHCO355% SO2 separationMEROS® NaHCO390% SO2 separation-1,2-1,4Figure 6: Category indicator results for selected impact categories derived from life cycleimpact assessment for the different product systems(characterized acc. to CML 2001, Dec. 2007)To derive an aggregated value across all selected environmental impact categories theimpact indicator results have been normalized using the CML normalization values inthe GaBi software tool (GaBi: “Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung”). As mentioned previouslyit should be kept in mind that weighting and aggregation of indicator results may covereffects of trade-offs between impact categories. Figure 7 illustrates the comparison ofnormalized indicator results for the test case of dedusting product systems.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 193
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185: 3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187: one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189: 4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201: 4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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