Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., Stephens, E., Marx, U.C., Mussgnug, J.H., Posten, C.,Kruse, O., Hankamer, B. Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgaefor biodiesel production. Bioenergy Res. 1, 20–43 (2008).Shilton AN, Powell N, Mara DD, Craggs R. Solar-powered aeration and disinfection,anaerobic co-digestion, biological CO 2 scrubbing and biofuels production: theenergy and carbon management opportunities of waste stabilization ponds. WaterSci Technol 58:253–8 (2008).Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD. Renewable fuels from algae: An answer to debatableland based fuels. Bioresource Technology. 102:10-16 (2011a).Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD. Mechanism and challenges in commercialisation ofalgal biofuels. Bioresource Technology. 102:26-34 (2011b).Singh A, Olsen SI, Critical analysis of biochemical conversion, sustainability and lifecycle assessment of algal biofuels, Appl. Energy(doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.012) (2011).Singh A, Smyth BM, Murphy JD, A biofuel strategy for Ireland with an emphasis onproduction of biomethane and minimization of land-take. Renew Sustain EnergyRev 14(1):277-288 (2010).Subhadra BG. Sustainability of algal biofuel production using integrated renewableenergy park (IREP) and algal biorefinery approach. Energy Policy 38:5892–901(2010).UNCED, Report of The United Nation Conference on Environment and Development,Vol. 1, Chapter 7, June, 1992 (1992).Wagner, L. Biodiesel from Algae Oil. Mora Associates Ltd., UK (2007).Wang B, Li Y, Wu N, Lan CQ, CO 2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Appl MicrobiolBiotechnol 79:707-718 (2008).Yan J, Lin T. Bio-fuels in Asia. Appl Energy 2009;86:S1–S10Yang J, Xu M, Zhang X, Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Chen Y. Life-cycle analysis on biodieselproduction from microalgae: water footprint and nutrients balance. BioresourTechnol 102:159–65 (2911).Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 282
Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation ofenergy crops may affect the sustainability ofbiofuelsMette S. Carter 1 , Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen 1 , Stefan Heiske 1 , Sune T. Thomsen 1 , MortenJensen 1 , Jens Ejbye Schmidt 1 , Anders Johansen 2 and Per Ambus 11 Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, TechnicalUniversity of Denmark, P.O. box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark2 Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National EnvironmentalResearch Institute, University of Aarhus, P.O. box 358, 4000 Roskilde, DenmarkAbstractAgro-biofuels are expected to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases because CO 2emitted during the combustion of the biofuels has recently been taken from theatmosphere by the energy crop. Thus, when replacing fossil fuels with biofuels wereduce the emission of fossil fuel-derived CO 2 into the atmosphere. However, cultivationof the soil results in emission of other greenhouse gasses, especially nitrous oxide (N 2 O).Agricultural activity is the dominant source of N 2 O, which is produced by microbes inthe soil when the nitrogen availability is high, for instance following fertilization orincorporation of crop residues.In this study we relate measured field emissions of N 2 O to the reduction in fossilfuel-derived CO 2 , which is obtained when energy crops are used for biofuel production.The analysis includes five organically managed crops (viz. maize, rye, rye-vetch, vetchand grass-clover) and three scenarios for conversion of biomass to biofuel. The scenariosare 1) bioethanol production, 2) biogas production and 3) co-production of bioethanoland biogas, where the energy crops are first used for bioethanol fermentation andsubsequently the residues from this process are utilized for biogas production. The netreduction in greenhouse gas emissions is calculated as the avoided fossil fuel-derivedCO 2 , where the N 2 O emission has been subtracted. This value does not include farmmachinery CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption during biofuel production. Thus, theactual net greenhouse gas reduction will be lower than indicated by our data. Weobtained the greatest net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by co-production ofbioethanol and biogas or by biogas alone produced from either fresh grass-clover orwhole crop maize. Here the net reduction corresponded to about 8 tons CO 2 per hectareper year. The worst result was obtained for bioethanol produced from vetch straw wherehigh N 2 O emissions outweighed the avoided fossil fuel-derived CO 2 .Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 283
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297: where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299: hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301: The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303: Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 304 and 305: power production from utilizing the
Page 306 and 307: 2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309: Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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