Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Haldager Sand Formation gain an increased thickness and the Gassum Formationreaches a maximum of more than 350 metres in this trend (e.g. Hans-1 and Terne-1wells). Zechstein salt is not present at the Skagerrak-Kattegat platform area (Michelsen& Nielsen, 1991) and salt induced structures are therefore absent, but the zone is stronglyblock-faulted and fault blocks with Skagerrak Formation, Gassum Formation orHaldager Sand Formation may form potential structures for CO 2 storage.The annual emission from large point sources in Denmark roughly corresponds to thevolume of natural gas produced from the Danish part of the North Sea, which amounts to10 billion m3 (Frykman 2009), which is transported in pipe lines and tankers andprocessed at plants and refineries. The comparable size of the potential volume of CO 2 ,to be moved around at surface and injected into the subsurface (although compressed tosmaller volumes at depth), points to the large scale at which a CCS-related processingand transporting industry has to be established.3 CO 2 storage in the near future – possibilitiesand challengesResearch projects concerning CCS in Europe have gradually increased in numbersthrough the last 10 – 15 years. These projects seek to close the gaps in knowledge andreduce costs on capture, transport and storage. One of the obvious possibilities in aninitial phase of establishing a CCS infrastructure is to use the limited amounts ofavailable CO 2 for enhanced oil/gas recovery. Many oil and gas fields in Europeexperience declining production rate and using CO 2 for EOR/EGR in depleting oil andgas fields has proven successful in e.g. USA and Hungary. One of the research projectsaddressing the opportunity to use CO 2 being produced from power plants and otherindustries in Europe for enhanced hydrocarbon production (EOR/EGR) is the ECCOproject (European Value Chain for CO 2 ), where results will be available in autumn 2011.The results will comprise strategies and recommendations regarding deployment of theCO 2 infrastructure in the near- and mid-term future, liability issues and cross-borderregulations, Emission Trading Schemes (ETS), financing schemes, and regime ofincentives, and organization of the supply chain.In a later stage, when an initial infrastructure is established and the amount of CO 2 fromincreasing numbers of capture facilities has exceeded the amount required for enhancedoil and gas recovery (EOR/EGR), CO 2 storage in aquifers can be the next step. Aquiferstorage has large potential although it will take time and economic resources to carry outmore detailed surveys of promising geological formations and structures. Geoscienceand geo-engineering will play a major role in the analysis of the geological foundation,the assessment of site performance, and will be critical in securing the safety of theoperations.In Denmark the subsurface has ability to store large amounts of CO 2 and almost thewhole Danish territory has suitable reservoir formations within the optimal depth intervalof 800 – 2500m. So far only 10 geological structures have been evaluated but manystructures and formations will possibly reveal increased storage volume if investigatedmore intensively. Thus, geological storage of CO 2 may contribute considerably to thereduction of the Danish CO 2 emission, if we can be assured about safety issues, and ifpolitical and public acceptance can be obtained.ReferencesBertelsen, F. 1980. Lithostratigraphy and depositional history of the Danish Triassic.Geological Survey of Denmark. Series B 4, 59 pp.Christensen, N.P. & Holloway, S. 2004. Geological storage of CO2 from combustion offossil fuel. European Union Fifth Framework Programme for Research and7Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 54
Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-1999-00010. The GESTCO project -Summary report - Second edition. European Union. 17 pp.Frykman, P., Nielsen, L.H., Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. & Anthonsen, K.L. 2009. Thepotential for large-scale, subsurface geological CO2 storage in Denmark.Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 17, 13–16.Holloway, S., Heederik, J.P., van der Meer, L.G.H., Czernichowski-Lauriol, I., Harrison,R., Lindeberg, E., Summerfield, I.R. Rochelle, C., Schwarzkopf, T., Kaarstad,O. & Berger, B. 1996. The underground disposal of Carbon Dioxide. Joule IIproject No. CT92-0031, summary report.Nielsen, L.H. 2003. Late Triassic – Jurassic development of the Danish Basin and theFennoscandian Border Zone, southern Scandinavia. In: Ineson, J.R. & Surlyk, F.(Eds.) The Jurassic of Denmark and Greenland. Geology of Denmark SurveyBulletin 38.Michelsen, O. & Nielsen, L.H. 1991. Well records on the Phanerozoic stratigraphy in theFennoscandian Border Zone, Denmark. Hans-1, Sæby-1, and Terne-1 wells. 37pp.Michelsen, O., Nielsen, L.H., Johannessen, P.N., Andsbjerg, J. & Surlyk, F. 2003.Jurassic lithostratigraphy and stratigraphic development onshore and offshoreDenmark. In: Ineson, J.R. & Surlyk, F. (Eds.) The Jurassic of Denmark andGreenland. Geology of Denmark Survey Bulletin 38.Vangkilde-Pedersen, T., Anthonsen, K.L., Smith, N., Kirk, K., Neele, F., Van der Meer,B., Gallo, Y.L., Bossie-Codreanu, D., Wojcicki, A., Nindre, YL.L., Hendriks,C., Dalhoff, F., & Christensen, N.P. 2009. Assessing European capacity forgeological storage of carbon dioxide–the EU GeoCapacity project. EnergyProcedia 1, 2663-2670.Vejbæk, O.V. 1990: The Horn Graben, and its relationship to the Oslo Graben and theDanish Basin. Tectonophysics 178, 29–49.Vejbæk, O.V., 1997. Dybe strukturer i danske sedimentære bassiner. Geologisk Tidsskrift, 4:1-31.8Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 55
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8: 11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10: ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12: Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14: how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16: (9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18: (16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22: Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24: Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26: Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57: The majority of the individual stru
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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