Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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In case of DG, we have looked with the subsidized price of diesel. The negative subsidyin the case of DG represents the externalities added in the diesel price in some form oftax considering its environmental impact in the future. The analysis clearly indicates thatthe subsidy has strong role in determining the LCOE. Higher the subsidy level, lower isthe LCOE. The change in the subsidy level has largest impact on the LCOE from solarPV and least impact on the LCOE from micro hydro. At the higher subsidy level, theLCOE of all technologies try to converse closer indicating the fact that at high subsidylevel the competitiveness of technologies are insignificant.4. ConclusionThe policy and pathways that is adopted in the process of electrification will determinehow fast the access issue of 1.44 billion of the world population can be resolved. Thechoice of technology is important in determining the least cost option for serving theelectricity need of the poor rural people. This study examines the levelized costs of threedifferent renewable energy technologies viz. solar PV, small wind turbines and microhydro and supplying with conventional fossils technology (diesel generators) andcompares with the case of grid line extension in two countries cases (Afghanistan andNepal). Analysis has shown that the micro hydro technology is the most competitivetechnologies in both the country cases (Afghanistan and Nepal). The isolated off-gridtechnologies serving individual household viz. SHS and WHS are comparatively highLCOE and have limited uses in terms of the service that it can offer. Thus, thesetechnologies shall be promoted in the scattered areas where there is low load density andelectricity demand is mainly for household lighting. The off-grid electrification pathwaysthat the Nepal has chosen with the technology choices of micro hydro and solar PVseems relevant but exploitation of other technologies shall not be undermine. Windenergy in the some of the potential areas has been found to be least cost solution thansolar PV, which need to be exploited. Mainali and Silveira (2010) have shown that themarket growth rate of SHS is higher than the micro hydro in terms of connecting numberof households. This is one of the areas, the policy makers and planners need to thinkwhile deciding on the level of subsidy in these two technologies. The smart pathway tomove in the rural electrification is to promote individual household technology only inthose places where there is no possibility of micro hydro technology. The LCOE withmicro hydro connected to national grid is the most competitive among the optionsconsidered in this paper. So, this analysis shows that there are no threats from the gridline extensions for the small power developer to invest in the off- grid rural electrificationas far as their projects are technically sound enough to connect in the grid, and gridoperator agrees to buy the excess power from the plant. So, connecting such small plantsto the grid in the future when the national grid reached those areas is the smart pathwaysand policy environment should encourage such actions.In Afghanistan, huge numbers of the diesel generators are in operation for electrifyingrural villages. However, the uses of diesel generator for rural electrification are not theleast cost option as indicated by our study and this won’t lead Afghanistan in the smartpathway. Thus, focus and attention shall be made to promote rural electrification throughmicro hydro as this is the most competitive technology in Afghanistan context. SolarRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 378
home systems are most expensive options at the moment because of lack of local marketset up to support and promote this technology.Subsidy has an important role in making the technology competitive, but as seen from theanalysis, the heavy subsidies in all the technologies make the issues of competivenessirrelevant. Subsidy in one technology should not impact on the competitiveness of theother technologies and should not close the opportunities of other least cost options. Thus,deciding on the appropriate subsidy is also important for the policy makers for choosingthe right pathways and maximizing the access rate within the available natural andfinancial resources and meeting the rural service demand. We believe; this study has beenable to give broad pictures where the rural electrification should have priority and whichpath does it need to follow.ReferenceADB, 2004. Nepal: Power Sector Reforms in Nepal. Technical Assistance Consultant’sReport. International Resources Group, Washington D.C, USAADB-NEA, 2004. Project performance audit report on the seventh power project inNepal. Asian Development Bank.AEPC, 2009. Subsidy Policy for Renewable (Rural) Energy-2009. Alternative EnergyPromotion Center, Ministry of Environment, Nepal.AEPC-ESAP, 2005. Reference Micro-hydropower Standard. Energy Sector AssistanceProgramme, Kathmandu, Nepal.Allan G., Gilmartin M., McGregor, P., Swales, K., 2010. Levelised costs of Wave andTidal energy in the UK: Cost competitiveness and the importance of “banded”Renewables Obligation Certificates. Energy Policy, 39, 23-39.Arun, P., Banerjee, R. Bandyopadhyay S., 2007. Sizing curve for design of isolatedpower systems. Energy for Sustainable Development 11 , 21–28Ashok, S., 2007. Optimised model for community-based hybrid energy system.Renewable Energy, 32, 1155-116.Banerjee R., 2006. Comparison of option for distributed generation in India. EnergyPolicy, 34, 101-111Brent, A.C., Rogers, D.E., 2010. Renewable rural electrification: Sustainabilityassessment of mini-hybrid off-grid technological systems in the African context.Renewable Energy, 35, 257-265Burns, R.K., 2011. Afghanistan: Solar assets, Electricity production, and rural energyfactors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2144-2148.Chaurey, A., Kandpal, T.C., 2010. A techno-economic comparison of rural electrificationbased on solar home system and PV micro-grids. Energy Policy, 38, 3118-3129.Erickson, J., Chapman, D., 1995. Photovoltaic technology: markets, economics, and ruraldevelopment. Journal of World Development, 23, 1129-1141.Ferioli, F., Schoot, K., Zwaan vander B.C.C., 2009. Use and limitations of learningcurves for energy technology policy: A component-learning hypothesis. Journal ofEnergy Policy, 37, 2525-2535.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 379
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371: case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
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Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405: impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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