Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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power production from utilizing the high-temperature SOFC off gases containingresidual fuel. Furthermore, the MGT pressurizes the SOFC stack, thus enhancing theSOFC performance.Heat for district heating purposes is mainly extracted from cooling the plant exhaust gaswith minor contributions from cooling the product gas in the gas conditioning step. Someof the produced heat should be applied to the drying and pyrolysis step, though.Based on the plant concept described above, a system design without integrationbetween the gasification and the CHP producing plant parts were initially studied in aprevious publication [11]. A flow sheet of this initial plant design can be found in Figure1 and it is used as reference plant 1 in this study. As depicted in Figure 1, wet wood isfed to the steam dryer, producing dry wood and steam, which both are led to the gasifier.For reasons of simplification, the pyrolysis takes place inside the gasification reactor inthis modelling study. Heat for the wood drying is provided by the hot product gas fromthe gasifier (and transferred via superheated (SH) steam), thus ensuring possibleindependent operation of the gasifier plant part. A bag filter removing particulates is theonly gas cleaning device in the considered system. The product gas is cooled to 90°Cbefore it is led through the filter. It is assumed that no alkali compounds leave thegasifier plant entrained in the product gas flow, since all alkalis should be condensed atsuch low temperatures, thus removed along with particulates in the bag filter. Thesulphur content is expected to be very low (cf., [12]-[13]), so no sulphur clean-up step isincluded. If it was found necessary, a ZnO bed could be located after the gasifier airpreheater depending on the preferred operating temperature of such a sulphur removalunit. The condensing gas cooler lowers the water content in the product gas to 12.7 vol-% resulting in a steam to carbon ratio (S/C) of 0.41, which is somewhat low [17] butjustified by the very low tar content in the product gas. Hofmann et al. [8] showed thatcarbon formation did not occur when fuelling an SOFC with product gas from a twostagegasifier at low fuel utilization and a S/C ratio of 0.5. Higher fuel utilization shouldenable operation at lower S/C ratios [17].The conditioned product gas is then converted to electricity and heat in the CHPproducing plant part consisting of a pressurized SOFC stack and a recuperated MGT. Inaddition, the product gas compressor works as a suction blower for the gasifier system. Agenerator (not illustrated) is situated on the shaft of the gas turbine and it produces thenet electric MGT power. A DC/AC inverter (not illustrated) converts the DC power fromthe SOFC stack to AC power.The size of the plant is defined by the thermal input of biomass fed to the dryer, and inthis study it is approximately 0.5 MW th (LHV).Based on an exergy analysis, some modifications of the heat management can beimplemented to enhance the plant performance. For details, the reader is referred to [12]and [13]. The resulting plant layout is depicted in Figure 2 and it is used as referenceplant 2 in this study. In reference plant 2, the exhaust gas downstream the recuperator isdelivering heat to the biomass drying process by heating dryer steam in the steam heater.The hot product gas leaving the gasifier air preheater, that previously heated the dryingprocess, preheats the pressurized product gas in a first step preheater, while the anode offgas preheats the pressurized product gas in a second step preheater. The added first steppreheater ensures a higher temperature of the anode off gas leaving the second steppreheater and entering the burner. Since the first step product gas preheater works as arecuperator, a heat exchanger effectiveness of the same level as the MGT recuperator isapplied.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 300
Figure 1: Flow sheet of reference plant 1. The data presented in this figure is resultsbelonging to Section 4.Figure 2: Flow sheet of reference plant 2. The data presented in this figure is resultsbelonging to Section 4.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 301
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297: where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299: hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301: The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303: Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 306 and 307: 2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309: Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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