Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Figure 2 Timeline from the fusion science experiment JET to commercial fusion powerplants.The fuel for fusion power plants is the two hydrogen isotopes, deuterium (D) and tritium(T). D is found abundantly in seawater, and can be extracted from this at a relatively low(energy) cost. The energy of the chemical bonds that is broken when extracting D isapprox 1 million times lower than the energy gained by the nuclear fusion reaction. T isradioactive and is thus not found readily in nature. T is produced at the fusion powerplant from lithium (Li). Hence the fundamental resources for fusion energy productionare D (from sea water) and Li (from mining). The scarcest resource of the two is Li, butcould still provide mankind with all required energy for 10,000+ years. The energydensity of fusion energy fuel is very high. Merely 10 gram D and 15 gram T wouldsupply a European with energy for a life time. Hence, the cost of electricity is practicallynot dependent on the fuel price, while it will reflect the write-off of the capitalinvestment of the construction of the power plant. This investment will be significant,and although a power plant could not readily be built, projections predict the energyprice to be competitive to most other alternative carbon-free energy technologies.(Maisonnier et al., 2007)Fusion energy does not leave any long lived radioactive waste, as the waste is the innerparts of the power plant itself. 100 years after a power plant shutdown the componentscan be handled and recycled. A fusion power plant is inherently safe e.g. because theamount of fuel in the reactor at any instant is in the order of a few grams – enough foronly seconds of burn. Fusion power plants could thus be placed close to denselypopulated areas.5 Heat distribution infrastructure supporting oldand new technologiesFossil fuel plants with CCS and heat recovery may be a driver for the development andexpansion of large-scale district heating systems, which are currently widespread inNorthern and Eastern Europe, Korea and China, and with large additional potentials inNorth America. These systems need several decades for development, mainly byinterconnection of existing smaller grids. If fusion will replace CCS in the second halfof the century, the same infrastructure for heat distribution can be used, which willsupport the penetration of both technologies.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 605
In addition, district heating systems with CHP and heat storages offer some of theflexibility in electricity generation that is required for wind power and other intermittentelectricity generation.In contrast to current nuclear fission with light water reactors, which operate at relativelylow temperatures, the steam parameters for fusion – with temperatures in the range 600-800ºC – are similar to advanced coal or combined cycle gas turbines. This is suitable notonly for CHP, but also other types of co-generation, e.g. catalytic hydrogen generation.6 Modelling6.1 The EFDA-TIMES model on fusion energyAs a part of the research under the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA)there is a small programme on Socio-Economic Research on Fusion (SERF). Thisincludes the EFDA-TIMES model, which was originally developed for EFDA by anexternal consortium of experts and delivered in 2004. The motivation for thisdevelopment was that fusion power was not considered in existing long-term energyscenarios, and that the earlier energy scenario studies within EFDA only consideredWestern Europe or used a basic single-region global model. The structure and data of theEFDA-TIMES model came from the SAGE 2 model, which has been used by the USDepartment of Energy for their International Energy Outlook from 2002 to 2008.The current development and use of the EFDA-TIMES model considers a validation andbenchmarking phase for EFDA-TIMES and joint contributions to international energymodelling conferences6.2 EFDA-TIMES with large-scale CHPTo understand the cost of electricity and heat from cogeneration and the impact of therecent technical development it is necessary to describe a set of techno-economicparameters, which are derived from the thermodynamics of generation of electricity.Figure 3 shows the operating area for CHP units. Back-pressure units produce along theback-pressure line. Extraction-condensing unit produces within the maxima and minimafor power and heat. The vertical axis represents condensing (electricity-only) capacity.The iso-fuel line describes the power-loss ratio. A typical value for both traditional andmodern units is c v =0.15. Typical values for the power-heat ratio are c m =0.5 for atraditional gas turbine, c m =0.7 for a large modern extraction-condensing unit, and c m =1.0or more for a modern combined-cycle gas turbine for decentralised CHP.Figure 3 usually describes the operation area for electricity and heat production inindividual extraction-condensing units. For decades these units in the capacity range250-500 MW have been the most important type of electricity generating units inDenmark, which have been systematically located at the heat distribution grids of thelarger cities.2 System to Analyze Global Energy6Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 61
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14: how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16: (9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18: (16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22: Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24: Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26: Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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