Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I., (2005): The Nepal biogas support program. Ministry of ForeignAffairs The NetherlandsChen, Y., Yang, G., Sweeney, S., Feng, Y. (2010): Household biogas use in rural China:A study of opportunities and constraints. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review14 (1), 545-549.DONG Energy (2008). Final report on offshore wind technology. Report of the project –New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS)Energy Forum (2009): Final Report to the Project “Mainstreaming biogas power as anoff-grid electricity generating source in Sri Lanka” supported by WISIONS,Unpublished manuscript.ESMAP (2007): Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-grid, Mini-grid and GridElectrification Technologies, Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramFrankl, P., Menichetti & E., Raugei, M., (2006). Final report on technical data, costs andlife cycle inventories of PV application. Report of the project – New EnergyExternalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS)Fritsche, U. R., Rausch, L. & Schmidt, K., (2007): Treibhausgasemissionen undVermeidungskosten der nuklearen, fossilen und erneuerbaren StrombereitstellungGreenEmpowerment (2010): Final Report to the Project “Biogas Digester Innovations inLatin America” supported by WISIONS, Unpublished manuscript.IEA (2009). World Energy Outlook 2009, International Energy Agency.IEA (2010). World Energy Outlook 2010, International Energy AgencyIFC (2007). Solar Development Capital: Lessons Learned in Financing Solar HomeSystems, in: Monitor, Nr.13, April, International Finance CorporationNyagabona, N.T., Olomi, D. R. (2009): Analysis of the value chain for biogas inTanzania Northern zone. Policy Innovation System for Clean Energy Scurity (PISCES)REN21 (2008): Renewables 2007 - Global Status Report, Renewable Energy PolicyNetwork for the 21st Century.Soluciones Practicas (2009): Technical Handbook. Training material prepared during theProject “Small Wind Power Generation Systems to Provide Clean Energy in PoorRural Areas of Peru” supported by WISIONS, Unpublished manuscript.UN (2009): The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009. New York12Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 356
Smart pathways for providing electricity in developing countriesBrijesh Mainali 1 and Semida SilveiraEnergy and Climate StudiesRoyal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Swedenbrijesh.mainali@energy.kth.se; semida.silveira@energy.kth.seAbstractA key objective in the energy agenda of many developing nations is to increase theelectricity access rate. Often, the discussion on electrification in developing countriestends to oscillate between the merits of centralized electrification versus decentralizedoff- grid electrification and both the options are often promoted in parallel. However, thebasis for choosing pathways in electrification is not often clear or rational. The role ofelectricity is beyond household lighting and thus the electrification options need to beanalyzed based on their capability to meet the demand for commercial and industrialusage. But it is equally important to address the electricity need of the rural poor whohave limited uses of electricity. In the context of scarce resources, least cost optionsshould be searched for looking at what the technology can offer and what the real need is.This study analyses scenario for rural electrification using (i) off-grid isolated renewableenergy (RE) technologies viz. solar home systems and wind home systems (ii) mini gridswith micro hydro and (iii) considering the case when the national grid connectionreaches an area previously supplied with off-grid technologies. The comparative analysishas also been made with the different scenarios with the extension of grid line and supplywith the conventional fossil based technology. We have also analyzed different scenariosconsidering various technical and socio-economic parameters in two country casesAfghanistan and Nepal. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been taken as the mainbasis to compare various options. Analysis has shown that the micro hydro technology isthe most competitive technologies in both the country cases (Afghanistan and Nepal)compared to individual solar home system and wind home system. In Nepal, the chosenpathway for off-grid electrification with the technology choices of micro hydro and solarPV seems relevant. In Afghanistan, the uses of diesel generator are not the least costoption. Thus, Afghanistan needs to prioritize the micro hydro sector to drive ruralelectrification in the smart pathways.Key Word: Levelized cost, off-grid, mini grid, grid connection, smart pathways1Corresponding AuthorRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 357
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
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Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
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Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
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Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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