Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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impact. In general, income is found to have no significant impact on the level of CO 2emissions.6 Conclusion and Policy ImplicationsThis paper has attempted to analyze the determinants of transport mode choice to work inMauritius as well as the resulting carbon emissions emanating from private cars. For thispurpose, a household drop-off survey was conducted. A MNL model is utilized toestimate the effect of personal, household, institutional, and economic characteristics onthe travel choices, namely car, bus and others (such are motor vehicles, company vans,walking, taxis and company cars). While age, gender, qualification and residential areahave no impact on the mode choice between car and bus, factors such as householdincome, work location, travel expenses and duration of journey to work are found to be ofstatistically significant influence. Additionally, an OLS regression is run to capture thefactors affecting CO 2 emissions. These are age of the individuals, fuel type and distanceto work.With the continuous rise in income and suburbanization development, private carownership is expected to continue its upward trend. However, due to limited landcapacity, bottlenecks are bound to become more acute while at the same time caremissions are expected to rise. More and more people are becoming dependent on car totravel to work. There is therefore a pressing need to reverse this unhealthy state of affairs.With income playing a central role in choice mode, increasing the cost of privatetransport such increasing car declaration fee can stimulate a modal shift. Car pooling canRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 400
turn out to be a viable option. Congestion toll and fuel tax can also be considered 15 . Onthe air quality control side, individuals may prefer to use low fuel consumption cars.Carbon neutral or hybrid cars which combine an internal combustion and electric enginescan be promoted. A stop/start system on diesel vehicles can be encouraged to reduce theamount of CO 2 emissions (Fonseca et al. (2011).Over the last decade, major road and traffic management policies have been designed andimplemented. These include the construction of the Ring Road and Bus Lane. Thenagain, polices should not merely focus on increasing road capacity. The government didlaunch the Bus Modernization Programme 16 in 2008. This was intended to enable busoperators to renew their fleet at no extra cost with new generation buses which are morecomfortable and release less harmful emissions. So far, no such study was done to assessits impact. Moreover, Sarkar et al. (2009) suggest the introduction of flexible hourswhile the government has recently been promoting a 24/7 working environment. PortLouis is a congested area. Decentralizing and supporting economic activities away fromPort Louis, can constitute a good policy option. In terms of alternative mode of transport,the government has also been considering the Light Rail Transit or the métro légersystem. This may enable faster travel time and less pollution but it still regarded as costlymeans. One of the major barriers to develop a sustainable transport system is political.The government has been unwilling to restrict car use as such policy is quite unpopular(Warren and Enoch, 2010). Yet, designing effective transport policies remain onecrucial means in achieving the objectives of the MID project.15 About 52.1% of car users in the sample agree to pay a road toll to avoid congestion.16 More details are available online at: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cpsi/unpan030901.pdfand http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/nsp/industry/bus.htm.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 401
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
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Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
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Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
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Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441: [4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
Page 442 and 443: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
Page 444 and 445: compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
Page 446 and 447: Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449: Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451: spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453: 7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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