Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

eview, the giving country will decide whether to extend the GSP treatment to abeneficiary country further or not. Table 11 shows the GSP some developingcountries get from the giving countries.Table 11. Selected Receivers of Generalised System of PreferencesBeneficiariesPreference-giving countriesAustraliaBelarusCanadaEUJapanNewNorwayRussiaFederatiSwitzerlaTurkeyUnitedStatesGSP GSP-LDCs GSP+GSP AGOA(EBA)Chile X X X X X X X XChina X X X X X X X XIndia X X X X X X X X X XIndonesia X X X X X X X X X XSouth Korea X XMexico X X X X X X XSouth Africa X X X X X X X X XMalaysia X X X X X X X X XGeneralised System of Preferences - List of Beneficiaries, UNITED NATIONS, NewYork and Geneva, 20095.5 The possible results of the two Cases on renewable energy – other similarcasesThe two cases mentioned previously are both under consultation stage. Tradedisputes concerning energy have been rare. So far, both the wind power equipmentcase and the renewable energy supporting measure case are the first of their kind.Apart from these two cases, there are only two trade disputes cases aboutdiscrimination against imported gasoline in the national standards by the UnitedStates in 1995. In both cases, the WTO’s final decision is that the US’s action ofdiscriminating against imported gasoline was against its WTO obligation and US lostthe case. After that, the US dropped the special requirements on imported gasoline.Another case similar to the US vs China dispute on grants to Chinese windmanufacturers is the trade disputes, in which the US 18 and Mexico 19 complainedChina offering grants, loans and other incentives to Chinese enterprises under thethe “China World Top Brand Programme” and the “Chinese Famous Export BrandProgramme”. These two programs set out criteria for an enterprise to receive adesignation by the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) as a “Famous Export Brand” ora designation by the Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection andQuarantine (AQSIQ) as a “China World Top Brand.” Enterprises with thesedesignations are entitled to various government preferences, including, it appears,financial support tied to exports. In December 2009, China agreed to end the varioussubsidies provided under the two programs and thus the two trade disputes were18 WTO DISPUTE DS387 China — Grants, Loans and Other Incentives (Complainant: United States ofAmerica), 19 December 200819WTO DISPUTE DS388 China — Grants, Loans and Other Incentives, (Complainant: Mexico),December 2008Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 110
ended. China lost this case because export subsidies on all products are generallyprohibited under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 20 .6 Supporting policies for clean energy technologies and how to avoid tradedisputes6.1. Financial mechanisms to promote the development and deployment ofclean energy technologiesThe UNEP-WTO report (2009) on Climate Change and Trade summaries three maintypes of incentive policies countries often use to promote clean technologies: fiscalmeasures, price supporting systems, as well as investment supports.Fiscal measures for clean energy technologies typically take two forms: tax reduction(including tax exemptions, tax deduction and tax rebate) and tax credits (includingincome tax credits, personal tax credits, corporate tax credits, production tax creditsand investment tax credits). These fiscal measures can target at the users for thepurchase and use of such technologies or at the equipment or product manufacturersfor providing such products and equipment. Another form of fiscal measures widelyused in developed countries is allowing for ‘accelerated depreciation’, which allowsfor investors in renewable energy projects to depreciate the value of their plan andequipment at a faster rate than what is typically allowed, thereby reducing their stateincome for the purpose of corporate income taxation. The US, Mexico, India, and theNetherlands have such policies for their renewable energy projects.With price support measures, governments can guarantee the minimum ‘feed-in-tariff’is another widely applied supporting measure for renewable energy generation. Withthis measure, governments usually offer a higher than average for electricity sales tothe grid from renewable energy projects. Preferential feed-in tariff is an effectivepolicy instrument in promoting renewable energy development because of severaladvantages. It can guarantee the long term income of such renewable energyprojects and lower the market risks for such project. It can also offers governmentsthe flexibility of adjusting the tariff level based on local renewable energy resourceconditions and technology progress.‘Net metering’ is another widely used measure to encourage renewable energyproduction and supply by energy users. The end users of electricity can supplyelectricity from their small renewable generating units to the grid and consumeelectricity from the grid. They only pay for their net electricity consumption from thegrid. Most parts of the United States, Canada, Thailand and Mexico have this policy.Investment support measures are mainly aimed at reducing the capital cost ofdeveloping and deployment of clean energy technologies. They can take the form ofcapital grant and debate in product costs, low interest loans or guarantees. They canalso take the form of low land costs by local government for the project.When countries select policy instruments for renewable energy developmentsupporting, they need to consider their commitments and obligations under the WTO.If the intended policy violates the WTO rules, then they need to determine whetherthe exceptions apply so that their violation will not lead to trade disputes orcomplaints from other WTO members. These policies do not violate the WTO rulesas long as it does not lead to discrimination against imported products. The followingTable 12 shows which policy instruments are allowed under the WTO and which areforbidden.20 BBC news, Dec 19, 2009. “China ends brand subsidies behind WTO dispute with US”Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 111
Page 1 and 2:
Energy Systems and Technologies for
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
Page 5 and 6:
sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8:
11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10:
ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12:
Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14:
how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16:
(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18:
(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20:
Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22:
Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24:
Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26:
Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28:
"Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30:
Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32:
transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34:
northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36:
Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38:
More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40:
6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42:
Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44:
Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46:
Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48:
4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50:
Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52:
Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56:
The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58:
The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60:
Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62:
Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165:
5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167:
6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169:
Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171:
Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173:
C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175:
Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177:
the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179:
The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181:
The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183:
can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185:
3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187:
one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189:
4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191:
Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193:
the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197:
process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199:
AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 200 and 201:
4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
Page 202 and 203:
1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205:
iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207:
Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209:
Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211:
The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213:
turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215:
O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217:
Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219:
9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221:
engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223:
treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225:
Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229:
mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231:
Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233:
TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235:
China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237:
to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239:
Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241:
an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243:
Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245:
our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247:
3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249:
Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251:
The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253:
Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255:
The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257:
The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259:
Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263:
The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265:
2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267:
80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269:
In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271:
with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273:
The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275:
aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277:
(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279:
Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281:
The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283:
the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285:
NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287:
Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289:
Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291:
Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293:
Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295:
2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297:
where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 298 and 299:
hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
Page 300 and 301:
The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303:
Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 304 and 305:
power production from utilizing the
Page 306 and 307:
2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309:
Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311:
efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313:
[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315:
On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317:
educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319:
In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321:
coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323:
400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325:
Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327:
What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329:
Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331:
The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333:
eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335:
Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337:
Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339:
Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341:
Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353:
useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355:
parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357:
The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359:
Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361:
5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363:
IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365:
of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367:
Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369:
….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371:
case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373:
ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375:
3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377:
The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379:
Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381:
The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383:
In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 384 and 385:
Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
Page 386 and 387:
Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389:
power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
Page 390 and 391:
83,385 to 109,108 while the number
Page 392 and 393:
other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395:
emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397:
where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399:
increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401:
while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403:
into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405:
impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407:
7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409:
Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411:
Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413:
2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415:
compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417:
Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419:
3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421:
Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423:
3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425:
4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427:
Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429:
Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431:
Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433:
atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435:
negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437:
25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439:
800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441:
[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
Page 442 and 443:
Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
Page 444 and 445:
compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
Page 446 and 447:
Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449:
Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451:
spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453:
7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
Page 454:
Risø DTU is the National Laborator
show all

Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?