Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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The wind turbines shall pass the certification by Bejing Jianheng CertificationCentreThe turbines, gear box, and generators shall be made by Chinese funded orholding companies, and the manufacturers are encouraged to use currenttransformer and bearing produced by Chinese funded or Chinese holdingcompanies.If an enterprise applies for support for its different product models using thesame technologies, the generating capacity between the models shall be 0.5MW or above.The wind power generating units shall be produced, installed, andcommissioned in China, operating without problem for over 240 hours, andpassed the buyer’s inspectionSize of the subsidy: 600 RMB/kW for the first 50 generating units made byeach eligible enterprise. The whole generating unit producers and keycomponent and part manufactures will each get 50% of the subsidies.The above measure is clearly aimed at supporting Chinese enterprises build up theircapacity of manufacturing wind power generating units of 1.5 MW or bigger.In fact, the US brought WTO trade dispute against China’s subsidy to Chinese windpower equipment manufacturers because requests by the US United Steel, Paperand Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service WorkersInternational Union (United Steelworkers or USW). USW is the largest industrial laborunion in North America, with 705,000 members 6 . USW complained about Americanjob losses because of China’s WTO violating practices and measures of subsidingand protection its clean energy technology sector, ranging from wind and solarenergy products to advanced batteries and energy-efficient vehicles.United Steelworkers’ Petition Against China WTO-violating Practices of Supportingits Green Technology Sector include five main allegations: illegal export subsidies and import-substitution subsidies, such as excessiveexport financing and grants for Chinese producers of wind turbines, solarpanels and advanced batteries; laws that discriminate against imports and foreign firms, such as local contentrequirements for wind and solar plants and exclusion of foreign firms fromaccess to carbon credits arising from Chinese projects; requirements that foreign investors transfer technology to Chinese controlledenterprises in order to receive necessary approvals; restrictions on foreign access to rare earth materials needed for making solarpanels, wind turbines, advanced batteries and energy-efficient lighting; and large domestic subsidies to Chinese-controlled green technology industries.3.2 Wind energy development in China and supporting policiesChina’s wind energy sector has been experienced fast growth since mid 1990s. In1996, the country only had 79 MW of installed wind capacity, just around 1% of theworld total. A few countries that were leaders in wind power technology, US,Germany, India, Denmark, had far more wind installed capacity than China. 76 Office of Labor-Management Standards. Employment Standards Administration. U.S. Department ofLabor. Form LM-2 labor Organization Annual Report. United Steelworkers of America. File Number:000-094. Dated March 31, 2009.7United States: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 1997, Volume II, DOE/EIA-0348(97)/2 (Washington, DC, October 1998) and Rest of the World: Windicator, Wind Power Monthly(January 1998), p. 50.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 94
In 2010, China’s total wind installed capacity has has risen to be 42.3 GW and Chinahas become the country with biggest installed wind capacity in the world, home tomore than one fifth of the worldwide wind energy generating capacity. Moreover, itsnewly installed capacity in 2010 is more than three times that of US, which is the 2 ndbiggest in terms of newly added wind capacity in the year.Wind energy investment in China is increasing quickly. In 2010, China saws 12904new wind generating units installed in the country, with a total installed capacity of18.9 GW, up 37.1% from the previous year (see Figure 2). And the total windgenerating capacity in China is now 44.7 GW (CWEA, 2011).Figure 2. Wind Power Development in China50000447334500040000350003000025805250002000015000120201000058665000342 399 465 563 760 1267 255502000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Installed capacity increase (MW)Installed capacity increase (MW)Total installed capacity (MW)Total installed capacity (MW)Source: China Wind Energy Association (CWEA, 2011)Meanwhile, China’s wind manufacturing capacity is also improving quickly. Startingfrom licensing from wind companies in Europe, Chinese enterprises started to enterthe wind manufacturing industry in the late 1990s. The country’s first big wind turbinemanufacture, GoldWind, was established in 1998 and started from purchasinglicensing for small wind turbine manufacturing technologies from several Germancompanies (Lewis, 2007) 8 . With the introduction of a series of favourable governmentpolicies and measures, foreign companies began to enter the Chinese windequipment market and set up production bases there, in many cases throughestablishing joint ventures with Chinese companies and local enterprises start togrow quickly in the wind turbine manufacturing sector. By 2010, there have been over80 wind turbine producers in China. About 90% of the newly added wind generatingcapacity in China is from wind turbines made by Chinese enterprises. Famousinternational wind equipment makers, Suzlon, Gemeasa, GE, Siemens, Vastas,together only have 10% of the market. 3 of the Chinese wind turbine makers, Sinovel,GoldWind, and Dongfang Electronic, are among the top 10 wind turbine makers interms of market share. Government supporting policies are critical to renewableenergy development.8 Joanna I. Lewis, 2007. Technology Acquisition and Innovation in the Developing World: Wind TurbineDevelopment in China and India, Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID) Volume 42,Numbers 3-4, 208-232.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 95
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Page 346 and 347:
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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