Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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1 IntroductionWith the introduction of more intermittent power generation in the Nordic power systemit is anticipated that there will be an increased demand for regulating power. In theDanish system regulating power is currently provided primarily by central power plants,in combination with import/export to Norway and Sweden where there is a high share ofhydro power. As a greater portion of the electricity provided comes from wind power,less will come from these central plants, thus further increasing the need for regulatingpower from new sources.One way of supplying regulating power capacity from new resources is to activate thedemand side. This could be resources such as industrial or commercial electricitydemand, as well as household electricity demand such as heat pumps, direct electricheating, electrical vehicles and other types of demand that can be controlled with littleor no consequences to the end-users. Electricity consumption for heating or airconditioning could for example be converted into thermal energy (heat or cold) duringone hour, to provide the service (desired temperature) at another hour; thus involvingstorage of heat or cold and the shifting of electricity demand from one time to another.The FlexPower project involves the design and simulation of a new market for regulatingpower that can work as a supplement to the existing market. The project is supported byEnerginet.dk and involves the following partners: Ea Energy Analysis (coordinator),DTU‐Technical University of Denmark, Enfor, Actua, Eurisco, EC Power, SEAS‐NVEand Nordjysk Elhandel.This paper will describe one of the core aspects of this project, namely the marketdesign. More information about the project can be found at: www.flexpower.dk.1.1 Current market for regulating powerThe Transmission System Operator (TSO) is responsible for the overall security ofsupply and to ensure a well-functioning electricity market by maintaining the electricalbalance in the power system, and by developing market rules. Electricity production andconsumption always has to be in balance, and 45 minutes before the operating hour thetask of balancing the two is left to Energinet.dk. It maintains this balance via theregulating power market, and other markets for automatic reserves.In the hour of operation, Energinet.dk utilises several types of reserves to ensure thestability of the system. The reserves can be grouped into automatic and manual reserves.Generally speaking, the system criteria are initially managed by the automatic reserves,which are activated in accordance with frequency deviations or deviation in the actualcompared with the planed exchange with neighbouring areas. These reserves areexpensive and have limited capacity.To anticipate excessive use of automatic reserves and in order to re-establish theiravailability, regulating power is utilised. Regulating power is a manual reserve and isdefined as increased or decreased generation that can be fully activated within 15minutes. Regulating power can also be demand that is increased or decreased. Activationcan start at any time and the duration can vary.GenerationDemandUp‐regulation More LessDown‐regulation Less MoreTable 1: Definition of up and down regulationIn the Nordic countries there is a common regulating power market managed by theTSOs with a common merit order bidding list. The balance responsibles (for load orRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 118
production) make bids consisting of amount (MW) and price (DKK/MWh). All bids fordelivering regulating power are collected in the common Nordic NOIS-list and are sortedin a list with increasing prices for up-regulation (above spot price), and decreasing pricesfor down-regulation (below spot price). These bids can be submitted, adjusted, orremoved until 45 minutes before the operation hour. In Denmark the minimum bid sizeis 10 MW, and the maximum is 50 MW. Taking into consideration the potentialcongestions in the transmission system, the TSO manages the activation of the cheapestregulating power. An example of the NOIS-list is displayed below in Figure 1.Figure 1: Example of the NOIS list, from 17.6.2009, CET 07-08. 583 MW of up regulating power wasactivated, corresponding to a price of 460 SEK/MWh (Data provided by SvK).After the day of operation the costs of activating regulating power are passed on to thebalance responsible agents whom were responsible for the imbalances. Both productionand demand can cause imbalances, but until now mainly production can benefit fromacting in the regulating power market. The only Danish examples for demand used asregulating power are electric boilers. In 2009, 54 MW of electric boilers participated inthe regulating power market with down regulation, a figure that is expected to increase to300 MW in 2011.1.2 Limitations of current regulating marketThe current design has some drawbacks that if removed could make the regulating powermarket more efficient in the future. For example, small-scale demands and small-scalegenerations are, in practice, excluded from the market. Current requirements thathamper demand side involvement in the regulating power market include:A 10 MW minimum bid sizeA plan for the controllable load: The plan must be followed and must exist with5-minutes valuesDemand must be re-established after activation: In some cases this may bedifficult if special staff are needed for re-establishing demand, for example someforms of industrial production (Johansson, 2008).Real-time measuring of regulation units: Real-time metering is relevant inrelation to consumers in the +10 MW class. However, for small consumers, thecost of such a requirement is prohibitive.The bidding process in itself requires several active actions. First a bid must bemade, then if chosen the supplier notified, and finally the actual regulation mustRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 119
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 124 and 125: occur. This is an undesirably burea
Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
Page 128 and 129: ut for the total consumption, and i
Page 130 and 131: This gives the LBR an opportunity t
Page 132 and 133: concludes that the subsurface conta
Page 134 and 135: to constrain the evaluation. In add
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
Page 140 and 141: ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
Page 142 and 143: Performance of Space Heating in aMo
Page 144 and 145: [5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
Page 146 and 147: 2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
Page 148 and 149: 25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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