Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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to a certain extent lower the risk CCS is perceived to entail, except for the highest riskstorage option.Stakeholders, such as government representatives, NGOs and industry have expressedwishes for more research on the processes involved in CCS and the development for newmonitoring techniques. Experience from successful demonstration projects are likely tolessen fears concerning the risks involved as well as the establishing of rules andstandards to ensure continued safety on a longer time- scale. Representatives ofgovernments and NGOs have also suggested the creation of a fund to cover anyunanticipated long- term consequences. (Van Alphen, 2007).3.2 CostResearch indicates that rises in consumer electricity prices will have a negative effect onstakeholder perceptions (Anderson, 2009). Investments in CCS technology are ratherexpensive and do not bring direct benefits to the companies investing in CCS projects.The capture of carbon dioxide reduces power plant efficiency, increasing the cost ofelectricity production, which will push up electricity prices. This makes companiesreluctant or at least very cautious when it comes to initiating CCS projects. (Van Alphen,2007)A Euro barometer study found that more than 50% of Europeans are not willing to paymore for their electricity in order to use low- carbon energy. Further more 22% ofrespondents in Britain and 43% in Sweden refuse to pay anything in addition to currentelectricity prices, compared to 14% of respondents in Japan and 24% in the US,respectively. Willingness to pay in most European countries is very similar; Sweden canbe regarded as exceptional in that the cost of electricity is already highest among thecountries as a fraction of incomes. However, there may be slight variations depending onwhether people are asked on their personal willingness to pay or regarding cost ingeneral. (Eurostat, 2006).3.3 Benefits/EffectivenessThe benefits of CCS were found to be one of the most significant factors in determiningstakeholder perceptions. Benefits include the effectiveness of CCS in climate changemitigation and understanding the importance of mitigation and the links to globalwarming. Research shows that despite the attention and public discussion on climatechange in recent years, there is relatively low awareness among some stakeholder groupseven as to what problems carbon dioxide causes (Sharp, 2006).Furthermore, among low- carbon technologies, CCS is the least familiar option (Reiner,2006). Awareness of CCS technologies is low or very low and in many instances, thosewho are aware of the existence of such technologies do not clearly understand whatproblem it is meant to address. For instance, in the Netherlands, 48% stated to know thegreenhouse effect, while 76% of respondents are not aware of CCS, with 50% knowingvery little on the greenhouse effect and 20% know very little on CCS. (De Best-Waldhober, 2009) Similarly awareness in Japan has been estimated at 22% and only 4%in the United States (Reiner, 2006) and 15% in Canada (Sharp, 2006). Sharp (2006)found that respondents in Canada seemed to focus on the risks of CCS instead of thebenefits, which they had low knowledge of. After they were given information regardingthe benefits, their perceptions changed only slightly.In short, it can be stated that public support for CCS technologies is dependent onpeoples understanding for the reasons that CCS is needed (Shackley, 2005). Therefore,information regarding climate change, carbon dioxide and CCS technologies and thelinks between these is crucial if stakeholder acceptance is to be achieved.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 42
4 The effect of information on stakeholderacceptanceParticularly when awareness is low, increasing knowledge through information on therisks and benefits of CCS is likely to increase acceptance. (Anderson, 2009) (Itaoka,2009). Studies such as Anderson (2009), Itaoka (2009) and Curry (2004) have measuredacceptance both before and after providing the respondents information on CCS, or thedifferences between two groups of respondents, one of which has received informationwhile the other has not.Information is crucial, first of all, in understanding which the problems CCS is meant toaddress are. Shackley (2005) found that support for CCS technology was largelydependent on understanding the reasons for carbon dioxide mitigation. On the otherhand, information is necessary for understanding the risks involved in using thetechnology and forming reliable opinions on whether the technologies should be used.Most studies indicate that acceptance of CCS tends to increase when more information isprovided. (Anderson, 2009) For instance, in a study by Curry (2004) respondents wereasked to choose their preferences from seven options that addressed global warming;business- as- usual (with assumptions there is no global warming or to allow for globalwarming), increasing nuclear power, increasing renewables, fossil fuel use with CCS,reduced electricity consumption or increased research funding in order to find newsolutions. Half the respondents were not given information in advance, while the otherhalf was informed regarding electricity prices and emissions levels that were associatedwith each option. Of the informed group, 16% considered CCS to be the best option interms of global warming, while only 6% of the uninformed group selected this option.Furthermore there seems to be some evidence that suggest a correlation between theamounts of information respondent have on CCS and the level of acceptance theyexpress toward it. Itaoka (2004) found that when more information was provided, themore likely respondent were to support CCS. However, a study conducted in Canada byShackley (2005) found respondents maintaining their negative perceptions or evengrowing more negative after the provision of additional information. These results seemto conflict the majority of research on this area and it was not specified as to whataspects of the information made the respondents become more negative in their opinions.In terms of measuring current acceptance levels with the help of questionnaires, lowlevels of knowledge are somewhat problematic and may lead to distorted results. Whilepart of the respondents who are unfamiliar with CCS technology and its purpose willrefrain form giving their opinion, the majority will still respond with “pseudo- opinions”and “non- attitudes” (Converse, 1964), which are not based on factual knowledge.Therefore the provision of information to respondents is also a means to improve thereliability of the results. De Best- Waldhober (2009) reports that out of the respondentsthat declared never having heard of a given technology, half still gave an evaluation ofthis technology. Not only are these pseudo- opinions not based on facts, but they are alsounpredictable as respondents can easily change their minds in unexpected ways. It hasalso been stated that the current level of public acceptance, measured withquestionnaires, is unstable and can be affected by the type of information given to therespondent. Therefore the resulting answers on acceptance can only be considered asweak indicators on future acceptance and are therefore an uncertainty in terms ofdecision making. (Daamen, 2006).Consistency and stability are main factors in determining opinion quality, where stabilityis the degree that people’s opinions remain consistent over time and consistency depictson how the opinions are compatible with peoples values and attitudes and the ideologiesthey express to support. (Price and Neijens, 1997). When the opinions that are expressedin a questionnaire are based on information, the perceptions expressed by therespondents are more likely to remain stable (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986).Even when people are presented with sufficient information to form informed opinionson CCS, the characteristics of the communicator can influence the acceptance of theRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 43
Page 1 and 2: Energy Systems and Technologies for
Page 3 and 4: ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
Page 5 and 6: sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
Page 7 and 8: 11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
Page 9 and 10: ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
Page 11 and 12: Penetration of new energy technolog
Page 13 and 14: how decisions are made and by whom
Page 15 and 16: (9) is the logaritimic expansion of
Page 17 and 18: (16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
Page 19 and 20: Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
Page 21 and 22: Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
Page 23 and 24: Growth in clean and reliable energy
Page 25 and 26: Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77 and 78: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 79 and 80: [5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98:
grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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