Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Ownership and CO 2 Emissions in MauritiusVishal Chandr Jaunky Centre for Energy Policy and EconomicsETH ZürichZürichbergstrasse 188032 ZürichSwitzerlandTelephone: +41 44 632 06 52Email: vjaunky@ethz.chMohammed Naweed BundhooMauritiusTelephone: +230 7036626Email: n-26-@hotmail.comSalehmohamed Yaasin MocoMauritiusTelephone: +230 7867289Email: yaasin_sm@hotmail.comMarch 2011AbstractFast economical and demographic revolution in the small island developing state ofMauritius over the last decades has led to an unprecedented rise in private vehicleutilization. In this arena, the cognition of ongoing travel practices and their determinantsis sine qua non. This paper examines the determinants of mode of transport, rise in carownership and its related environmental impacts. We employ cross-section micro-dataobtained from our household drop-off survey to estimate a multinomial logisticregression model of transport mode choice coupled with an exhaustive ordinary leastsquares analysis of carbon emissions. Empirical results indicate that factors such as traveltime, expenses and time lost in traffic jam coupled with demographic and socio-economiccharacteristics such as age of individual and household income have profound upshots ontransport mode decisions. On the other hand, fuel type, residential distance from workand age of individual displays statistically significant impacts on carbon dioxideemissions.Keywords: Mode of transport, carbon dioxide emissions, survey data, multinomiallogistic.JEL Classification: C25, Q54, R41. Corresponding author. We would like to thank Jan Imhof for his comments and suggestions on a previous version ofthis paper. Errors, if any, are the author’s own only.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 382
1 IntroductionLocated in the Indian Ocean, about 850 kilometers (km) east of Madagascar, theRepublic of Mauritius is made up of various small islands which are Rodrigues Island,the Agalega Islands and Cargados Carajos Shoals and covers a total area of 2040 squarekm. Mauritius is the biggest island of the Republic, with an area of 1,825 square km. It isof volcanic origin and is surrounded by coral reefs, with a coastline of about 16 km (referto Figure 1 for a map of Mauritius). Since its independence in March 1968 from theBritish Empire, Mauritius has successfully evolved from a mono-crop sugar-basedeconomy to a modern and diversified service-based one. Together with the traditionalsugar and manufacturing (mainly the export processing zone (EPZ)) sectors, information,communication and technology (ICT), financial, and tourism sectors constitute the neweconomic pillars of the country. In addition, the government has been encouraging thedevelopment of the seafood and aquaculture hubs which could be considered aspromising pillars.Mauritius has a population about 1.28 million and is a fairly democratic state 1 . In 2009,about 40% of the population 2 lives in the urban regions such as the capital city of PortLouis (146,319), Beau-Bassin/Rose-Hill (105,377), Vacoas (101,789), Curepipe (82,756)and Quatre-Bornes (77,145). The island state has a population density of 665 inhabitantsper square km. On average, Mauritius has experienced a real gross domestic product(GDP) growth rate of 4.35% over the period 2006-2009. On an international purchasing1 The average political rights and civil liberties scores over the period 2007- 2009 are 1 and 2 respectively. Politicalrights and civil liberties are measured on a one-to-seven scale, with one representing the highest degree of Freedom andseven the lowest. These democracy scores are computed from the Freedom House website at: Error! Hyperlinkreference not valid..2 More information is available online at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2833.htm.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 383
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
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Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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Page 384 and 385: Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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