Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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hand side y-axis corresponds to efficiency, while the right-hand side y-axis correspondsto moisture. For Case B, the plant efficiency increases when the live steam pressure isincreased. The moisture content at the last stage of the steam turbine is another importantissue to be taken into account.Table 1. Main parameters for design point calculations of Fig. 1.Parameter Case A Case BWood chips temperature (C) 15 15Wood chips mass flow (kg/s) 1.2 1.2Dry wood temperature (C) 150 150Gasifier temperature (C) 800 800Gasifier pressure drop 0.005 0.005Gasifier carbon conversion factor 1 1Gasifier non-equilibrium methane 0.01 0.01Steam blower isentropic efficiency 0.8 0.8Steam blower mechanical efficiency 0.98 0.98Steam temperature in the steam loop (C) 150 150Wood gas blower isentropic efficiency 0.9 0.9Wood gas blower mechanical efficiency 0.98 0.98Gas cleaner pressure drop 0.0049 0.0049Compressor air inlet temperature (C) 15 15Compressor isentropic efficiency 0.85 0.85Compressor mechanical efficiency 0.95 0.95SOFC cathode inlet temperature (C) 600 600SOFC anode inlet temperature (C) 650 650SOFC operating temperature (C) 780 780SOFC utilization factor 0.85 0.85SOFC current density (mA/cm 2 ) 300 300Heat exchangers fuel side pressure drop ratio (bar) 0.005 0.005Heat exchangers air side pressure drops (bar) 0.01 0.01Pre-Reformer inlet temperature 400C 400CPre-Reformer outlet temperature 450C 450CBurner pressure drop 0.98 0.98Water side pressure drop in super heater 0.02 0.02Water side pressure drop in evaporator 0.03 0.03Water side pressure drop in economizer 0.04 0.04HRSG outlet temperature – 90CHigh pressure steam turbine isentropic efficiency 0.9 0.9Low pressure steam turbine isentropic efficiency 0.7 0.7Extraction pressure 2 bar 2 barCondenser pressure 0.05 bar 0.05 barPumps efficiency 0.85 0.85DC/AC convertor and generators efficiency 0.97 0.97Case A: without hybrid recuperatorCase B: with hybrid recuperatorToo high level of moisture (more than about 16%) may cause blade corrosion at the laststage; see e.g. Kehlhofer et al. (1999). For Case A the moisture content was well below16% and the maximum live steam pressure could be selected without any problem forthe moisture content. For Case B, the moisture content was above the limit value of 16%when the live steam pressure was more than about 97 bars. The dashed area in the figurerepresents the area in which moisture content was beyond the limit and was not acceptedhere. However, the live steam pressure must be selected well below the limit value of 97bars in order to avoid the moisture when the plant is running on part-load or otherparameters are going to be changed. Another reason could be mentioned was due topractical problems associated with designing of such steam turbine which may occur atRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 294
such mass flow and power output when the live steam pressure was too high. Therefore,for Case B, 60 bar was selected as the live steam pressure in the steam cycle. Shortly thereasons to select this pressure was basically on two important issues; a) avoiding toohigh moister content at the last stage of steam turbine, b) avoiding problems associatedwith designing and constructing the first row of the steam turbine when pressure isrelatively high with relatively low mass flow.Efficiency [%]49 17.548.5 1548 12.547.5 1047 7.5 plant46.5 moisture 5M oisture content [% ]46 2.549.5 84 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2030 50 70 90 110 130Live steam pressure [bar]Live steam pressure [bar]a) b)Efficiency [%]60 2258.5 2057 1855.5 1654 1452.5 12 plant51 moisture10Figure 2. Electrical efficiency and moister content of the combined SOFC–ST plants asfunction of live steam pressure, a) case A, and b) Case B.M oisture content [% ]3.1 Effect of Fuel Cell Operating Temperature on Plant PerformanceThe plant with hybrid recuperator shown in Fig. 1, Case B is now considered for furtherstudy but with 0.9 and 100 mA/cm 2 for SOFC utilization factor respective SOFC currentdensity. The calculated results were then shown in Table 2. Along 780C (currentdevelopment), the 650C (possible future generation) was also considered.As could be seen from Table 2, with current temperature technology (780C) the plantefficiency of 62.7% was available, while for the future generation (650C if possible) theplant efficiency could reach to 54.7%. All these values are considerably higher than thetraditional combined cycle with integrated gasification. Live steam pressure was set to60 bar as discussed above. Live steam temperatures were considerably lower than thecurrent technology for steam turbines (about 650C). For the 780C case, about 82.8% ofthe total net power was coming from SOFC plant. This value was 77.5% for the possiblefuture technology.Table 2. Calculated net powers and efficiencies for the optimized plants.Parameter / SOFC operating T 780C 650CLive steam pressure (bar) 60 60Live steam temperature (C) 420.3 405.0Net power output (kW) 8582 7478Net power output from SOFC cycle (kW) 7121 5813Net power output from ST cycle (kW) 1490 1694Steam blower power consumption (kW) 29 29SOFC cell voltage (V) 0.884 0.723Gas temperature before hybrid recuperator (C) 232.2 236.9Moisture content after ST (%) 13.9 14.7HRSG effectiveness (%) 49.4 46.2Thermal efficiency of steam cycle (LHV %) 29.6 28.8Thermal efficiency of SOFC cycle (LHV %) 41.7 31.9Thermal efficiency of plant (LHV %) 62.7 54.7Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 295
Page 1 and 2:
Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
Page 250 and 251: The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
Page 252 and 253: Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
Page 254 and 255: The European politicians are faced
Page 256 and 257: The fast growing demand for biomass
Page 258 and 259: Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
Page 260 and 261: Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
Page 262 and 263: The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
Page 264 and 265: 2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
Page 266 and 267: 80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
Page 268 and 269: In general, if the CCS technology d
Page 270 and 271: with high implementation of CCS Chi
Page 272 and 273: The European Biofuels Policy: from
Page 274 and 275: aimed to promote agriculture-based
Page 276 and 277: (EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
Page 278 and 279: Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
Page 280 and 281: The commercial scale production of
Page 282 and 283: the production process parameters,
Page 284 and 285: NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
Page 286 and 287: Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
Page 288 and 289: Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
Page 290 and 291: Even though final ethanol yields we
Page 292 and 293: Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
Page 294 and 295: 2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
Page 296 and 297: where g 0 , R an T are the specific
Page 300 and 301: The moister content for these three
Page 302 and 303: Use of Methanation for Optimization
Page 304 and 305: power production from utilizing the
Page 306 and 307: 2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
Page 308 and 309: Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
Page 310 and 311: efficiency and turbine inlet temper
Page 312 and 313: [14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
Page 314 and 315: On the effectiveness of standards v
Page 316 and 317: educing new car emissions to 120 g
Page 318 and 319: In addition energy consumption E an
Page 320 and 321: coefficient γ for the impact of fu
Page 322 and 323: 400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
Page 324 and 325: Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
Page 326 and 327: What are customers willing to pay f
Page 328 and 329: Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
Page 330 and 331: The likelihood for the model is giv
Page 332 and 333: eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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