Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Compressed Air Energy Storage in OffshoreGridsSascha T. Schröder 1 , Fritz Crotogino 2 , Sabine Donadei 2 , Peter Meibom 3AbstractFluctuating renewable energy sources can be rendered more reliable by massiveinternational grid extensions and by energy storages. The latter ones are partiallydiscussed as offshore grids to combine the grid connection of offshore wind parks withinternational power trading. This paper gives a first assessment of offshore energystorage possibilities.Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a technology that has been used successfullyonshore for decades and is the most economic large-scale storage option after pumpedhydro. More efficient adiabatic CAES is under development. At the same time, theoil&gas offshore industry provides enough experience to state that a CAES power plantcould be installed and operated offshore even though at considerable higher costs.Suitable salt formations for the salt caverns exist in and around the North Sea and to alower extent the Baltic Sea.Offshore energy storage can facilitate several issues in an offshore grid: firstly, it candelay or even replace the necessity for building interconnectors due to additional wind orwave power. Secondly, it can balance generation deviations due to forecast errors.Depending on market design, these have a negative effect on offshore generation orinterconnector operation. Balancing forecast errors could allow operating theinterconnectors in a more reliable and thus, more profitable way. If the offshore grid isconsidered a single price zone between countries, a storage has a lowering effect onelectricity price volatility. The WILMAR planning tool is used to estimate these effects.Comparing onshore and offshore CAES, it is concluded that an an offshore adiabaticCAES can participate in several markets, but that this advantage is outweighed by anonshore unit’s ability to provide spinning reserves.1 IntroductionAchieving EU policy goals for renewable energy requires both a massive installation ofrenewable generation capacity as well as adjustments of the remaining infrastructure.The bulk of renewable generation such as wind and solar is fluctuating, so possibleremedies comprise very flexible dispatchable units, flexible demand, large-scaleextension of the transmission system and energy storage options. The focus of thisanalysis evolves around offshore wind energy in the North Sea. A strong meshedoffshore grid would be able to balance power fluctuations partially. The largest share ofpower balancing could be either provided by strong interconnectors to the Norwegian-Swedish hydro-dominated system that could be operated as a pumped storage system.Alternatively, storage could take place closer to the Southern shore of the North Sea,1 Corresponding author (sasc@risoe.dtu.dk, (+45) 4677 5113). Risø National Laboratory forSustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Systems Analysis Division.2 KBB Underground Technologies GmbH, Hanover/Germany.3 Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, IntelligentEnergy Systems Programme.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 4
where large amounts of offshore wind energy are to be installed – namely in Germany,Denmark and the Netherlands. These countries share the common characteristics thattheir coastal regions are flat, i.e. that pumped hydro cannot be realised regionally.Building new pumped hydro storages in Southern Germany faces environmentalconcerns as a central obstacle and requires new transmission capacity over severalhundred kilometres. The only large-scale storage option that is currently operational inNorthern Germany is a diabatic Cavern Air Energy Storage (CAES) plant. Whenelectricity prices are low, air is compressed into an underground salt cavern. Forgeneration, this pressurized air is injected into a gas turbine and thus, raises the turbine’sefficiency. Adiabatic CAES, which is independent of gas supply and achieves a higherefficiency through a heat storage, has lately been the subject of a research project and isgenerally considered feasible (see also Crotogino/Donadei, 2011 or Gatzen, 2008). Inseveral scenarios of a 100% renewable energy study for Germany, CAES plays a majorrole (German Advisory Council on the Environment, 2011). As technical feasibility is inprinciple also given for offshore locations, this paper analyses possible offshoreapplications. It is structured as following: first, technological issues are addressed.Second, economic effects in offshore grids are presented qualitatively before turningtowards the model and data description. Onshore storage, offshore storage and anincreased interconnector capacity between Germany and Norway are compared beforemoving to the discussion and conclusion of this first estimation on the subject.2 Technology2.1 CavernsNatural gas has been stored successfully in large quantities in underground salt cavernsfor many years worldwide in facilities like the Ll.Torup Energinet Storage Facility inNorth Jutland, Denmark, see Fig. 1.Salt caverns are artificially constructed cavities in salt deposits created by solutionmining. Typical dimensions of salt caverns are a geometrical volume of 500 000 m³ atdepths of over 1 000 m, and pressure ranges of 60 to 180 bar.Unlike surface storages, salt caverns enable extremely large amounts to be stored at lowspecific costs. The storages are almost maintenance-free and they boast negligibleleakage rates. This is why salt caverns are also highly suitable for the storage ofcompressed air and hydrogen.A precondition for the installationof salt caverns to storecompressed air is the availabilityof suitable salt formations with thenecessary thickness and theappropriate depth range of around700 to 1 300 m. There also have tobe adequate quantities of freshwater available for solutionmining the caverns, as well asenvironmentally-compatibleoptions for disposing of the largevolumes of brine produced duringthe solution mining process.Figure 1: Figure 1: The 7 gas caverns in Ll. Torup(Energinet)A borehole with a cementedcasing gives access to the cavern –an additional production stringthat can be pulled out of thecavern is also installed for safetyreasons. In the special case ofRisø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 4
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
Page 440 and 441: [4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Page 446 and 447: Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
Page 448 and 449: Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451: spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 452 and 453: 7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
Page 454: Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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