Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Care-Matrix (ECM) simply visualizes the eco-efficiency of solutions comparedto a given baseline. In order to prevent from “green washing” criticism and to ensure“walk the talk” attitude the ECM should be scientifically well-founded using appropriateand consistent methodology. The vertical axis of an ECM illustrates the environmentalperformance and the horizontal axis describes the economical customer benefit of one ormore green solutions compared to a defined reference solution. Different scientificapproaches for quantifying the environmental performance based on life cycle assessmentmethodology have been discussed especially considering the ISO standards14040/14044:2006.Since the assessment of different alternatives only makes sense in a comparative settingit is chosen to let the ECM present results relative to a reference technology. The properchoice of a reference technology is therefore a necessary prerequisite to be able to usethe ECM. If the ECM should really represent the potential improvement of the newtechnologies the reference technology must represent a realistic alternative technologyperforming the same function, e.g. the current generation of technology being producedby Siemens. The choice of Airfine ® in the study complies with all requirements to areference technology.As illustrated with the single score vs. multiple score presentation there is a strong needfor using multiple rather than single scores in order to improve decision making since thesingle score may hide relevant potential environmental impacts. The use of aggregatedsingle score result may cause intransparency of shifting and trade-off effects betweendifferent impact categories and lifecycle phases.5 References[1] D. Wegener et al., Comprehensive approach to energy and environment in theEco Care Program for design, engineering and operation of Siemens IndustrySolutions, Paper at Risø Int. Energy Conference 14-16 September 2009[2] Standards ISO 14040 / 14044:2006 and ISO 14021[3] Siemens Environmental Product Declaration about MEROS ® available ininternet:http://is.industry.siemens.com/broschueren/pdf/metals/simetal/en/Environmental_Product_Declaration_SIMETAL_MEROS_en.pdf (accessed on 14.02.2011)[4] Pressemitteilung von voestalpine 2007 über die erste Inbetriebnahme derMEROS Technologie in Linz (als Ersatz für das seit 1993 eingesetzteFeinabscheidesystem Airfine® ):http://www.voestalpine.com/group/de/presse/presseaussendungen/MEROS.html[5] K. Hofstadler et al., Solutions for Dioxin Removal from Sinter Plant and EAFOffgas (2003), available in internet:http://www.steelplantequipment.com/pi/518/394_VAIDioxinPaperwithfigures.pdf (accessed on 14.02.2011)Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 196
Intelligent Urban HeatingBy Anders Dyrelund, Chief Advisor and Market Manager, Rambøll EnergyAbstractIn smart cities District heating is a precondition for large scale and cost effectiveintegration of CHP and renewable energy for heating in urban areas. In particular,district heating systems combined with CHP, heat pumps, electric boilers and largethermal storages is important for efficient integration of fluctuating wind energy.In order to develop an intelligent and cost effective urban heating system it is importantto integrate and optimize the total urban heating energy system including buildingenvelope, heating installations, district heating networks, heat storages and renewableenergy sources. Two examples: 1) the variable long term production cost is a basicparameter for the optimal building envelope.2) efficient low temperature heatinginstallations increases the efficiency of the district heating distribution network and allthe low temperature heat sources.Besides, in districts with a cooling load, it is important to include the district cooling inthe optimized energy system, both for production and end-use.In EU countries, the Renewable energy directive encourage all local authorities to planfor urban heating and cooling in order to provide the buildings with renewable energy forheating hot tap water and cooling via this infrastructure, whenever it is cost effectivecompared to individual solutions.Ramboll has in association with Aalborg University prepared an updated study of HeatPlan Denmark in 2010.The study demonstrates how the Danish Heating sector hasreduced the fossil fuel consumption to 40% from 1980 to 2010 and how the sector can beindependent of fossil fuels before 2030 in a cost effective way.The study concludes that it is necessary to optimize investments both at the supply andthe demand side. It is estimated that an optimal combination could be 25 % additionalheat demand reduction, further reduction of the return temperature in the buildinginstallations, expansion of district heating from 50 to 65 %, local heating up to 5% andheat pumps for the remaining 30% heat market.The heat supply act from 1979 has been the driving force for this development since1980. It has obviously been a model for the Renewable Energy Directive. In ordercontinue and develop a CO 2 neutral heating sector in a cost effective way, the studystrongly recommends that local authorities shall be responsible for strategic energyplanning taking into account all costs of the energy systems including the end-users.Moreover it will be necessary to adjust the building code in such a way that it supportsthe cost effective solutions taking into account the result of the urban heat planning.The study demonstrates the concept of smart cities with intelligent grids for electricity,district heating and district cooling.The intelligent power grid can distribute renewable energy from efficient off shore windenergy farms to the cities, which is much more cost effective than wind turbines andsolar cells in the cities. Dynamic tariffs encourage consumers to use electricity when theprice is low and not to use it for days when the price is high. Thus, the District Heatingand District Cooling grids with storages are among the most intelligent consumers. Thedistrict heating grid can distribute heat to any building in the city strategic located CHPplants and renewable sources in and near the city. That includes storage of heat fromlarge scale solar panels and surplus energy via heat pumps from fluctuating wind.1Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 197
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
Page 150 and 151: 160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
Page 152 and 153: The calculations have been based on
Page 154 and 155: Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
Page 156 and 157: 2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
Page 158 and 159: Moreover, this model is formulated
Page 160 and 161: Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
Page 162 and 163: 3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
Page 164 and 165: 5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
Page 166 and 167: 6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
Page 168 and 169: Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
Page 170 and 171: Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
Page 172 and 173: C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
Page 174 and 175: Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
Page 176 and 177: the availability payment.Simulation
Page 178 and 179: The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
Page 180 and 181: The FlexControl concept - a vision,
Page 182 and 183: can react on requests for power reg
Page 184 and 185: 3 ControlThe concept is based solel
Page 186 and 187: one hour to the next - correspondin
Page 188 and 189: 4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
Page 190 and 191: Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
Page 192 and 193: the product portfolio point of view
Page 194 and 195: Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
Page 196 and 197: process information needed are seld
Page 198 and 199: AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
Page 202 and 203: 1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
Page 204 and 205: iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
Page 208 and 209: Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
Page 210 and 211: The average cumulative growth rate
Page 212 and 213: turbines is expected to create a st
Page 214 and 215: O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
Page 216 and 217: Another idea is to harvest energy f
Page 218 and 219: 9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
Page 220 and 221: engaged in wind energy assessment,
Page 222 and 223: treated in such a way to make them
Page 224 and 225: Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
Page 226 and 227: Figure 9: The annual mean power den
Page 228 and 229: mix is required. For example diurna
Page 230 and 231: Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
Page 232 and 233: TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
Page 234 and 235: China, has prompted all parties, in
Page 236 and 237: to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
Page 238 and 239: Superconductors must be kept cold b
Page 240 and 241: an annual increase in demand of 6%,
Page 242 and 243: Improved High Temperature Supercond
Page 244 and 245: our study to a single set of deposi
Page 246 and 247: 3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
Page 248 and 249: Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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