Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall, P., 2010. Risks, revenues and investment in electricitygeneration: Why policy needs to look beyond costs. Energy Economics, 32, 796-804.Haanyika, C.M., 2008. Rural electrification in Zambia: A policy and institutionalanalysis. Energy Policy, 36, 1044-1058.Hallett, M., 2009. Distributed power in Afghanistan: The Padisaw micro-hydro project.Renewable Energy, 34, 2847-2851.IEA, 2008. Electricity access database in 2008. International Energy Agency. Availableat: http://www.iea.org/weo/database_electricity/electricity_access_database.htmIlskog E., Kjellström, B., 2008. And then they lived sustainably ever after?—Assessmentof rural electrification cases by means of indicators. Energy Policy, 36, 2674-2684.Kirubi, C., Jacobson, A., Kammen, D.M., Mills, A., 2009. Community-based electricmicro-grids can contribute to rural development: evidence from Kenya. WorldDevelopment, 37, 1204–1221.Kumar, A., Shankar, R., Momaya, K., Gupte, S., 2010. The market for wirelesselectricity: The case of India. Energy Policy, 38, 1537-1547.Kumar, M.V.M., Banerjee, R., 2010. Analysis of isolated power systems for villageelectrification, Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, 213-222Lako, P., 2010. Hydropower. IEA-ETSAP. available at http://www.etsap.org/EtechDS/PDF/E07-hydropower-GS-gct.pdfLuque, A., Hegedus, S., 2003. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. JohnWiley and Sons. p 295.Mainali, B., Silveira. S., 2011. Financing off grid rural electrification: Country CaseNepal. Energy, 36, 2194-2201.Mainali, B., Silveira, S., 2010. Renewable Energy Market in Rural Electrification:Country Case Nepal. Energy Policy (Article under Re-view).Marsh, G., 2004. Lowering the barriers to RE: Grid connection of small renewables.Refocus, 5, 45-47.Martinot, E., Cabraal, A., Mathur, S., 2001. World Bank/GEF solar home system projectsexperiences and lessons learned 1993–2000. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 5, 39–57.Masters, G. M., 2004. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. Pp 654, JohnWiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.MoEW, 2007. The Afghanistan National Development Strategy: with Focus onprioritization. Ministry of Energy and Water, Afghanistan.Muñoz, A. M., Rosa, J.J.G., López, M.A., Gil de Castro, A.R., 2010. Gridinterconnection of renewable energy sources: Spanish legislation. Energy forSustainable Development, 14, 104-109.NEA, 2010. Annual Report of Nepal Electricity Authority. Fiscal year 2009/2010.NEA, 2011. Data provided by Thapa, T., Assistant Manager of Grid Department, NepalElectricity Authority. Personal communication made on 2011-03-20.Nfah, EM., Ngundam, J.M., Vandenbergh, M., Schmid, J., 2008. Simulation of off-gridgeneration options for remote villages in Cameroon. Renewable Energy, 33, 1064-1072NREL, 2007a. Afghanistan Resource Maps and Toolkit. National Renewable energylaboratory.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 380
NREL, 2007b. Afghanistan Resource Maps and Toolkit. National Renewable energylaboratory. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/international/ra_afghanistan.htmlNSP, 2011. Personal communication. National Solidarity Programme, Afghanistan.Nyugen, KQ., 2007. Alternatives to grid extension for rural electrification: Decentralizedrenewable energy technologies in Vietnam, Energy Policy, 35, 2579-2589.Oparaku, O.U., 2003. Rural area power supply in Nigeria: A cost comparison of thephotovoltaic, diesel/gasoline generator and grid utility options, Renewable Energy, 28,2089–2098Rai, S., 2004. Sustainable dissemination of solar home systems for rural development:experiences in Nepal. Energy for Sustainable Development 8, 47-50.Sanden, B.A., 2005. The economic and institutional rationale of PV subsidies. SolarEnergy, 78, 137-146.SARI-Energy. 2010: Afghanistan: Energy sector overview. South Asian RegionalInitiatives/ Energy. Available at:http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Afghanistan_Energy_detail.asp#ruralenergyShrestha, K.L., 1981. Nepal’s Energy Situation. Energy, 6, 817-821.Spooner, E. D., Harbidge, G., 2001. Review of international standards for grid connectedphotovoltaic systems. Renewable Energy, 22, 235-239.SWERA, 2006. Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) in Nepal.Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal.Thiam, D.R., 2010. Renewable decentralized in developing countries: Appraisal frommicrogrids project in Senegal. Renewable Energy, 35, 1615-1623.Trading economics, 2011b. Afghanistan Inflation end-of-period. Available at:http://www.tradingeconomics.com/afghanistan/inflation-end-of-period-imf-data.htmlTrading economics, 2011a. Nepal Inflation end-of-period. Available at:http://www.tradingeconomics.com/nepal/inflation-end-of-period-imf-data.htmlWamukonya, N., Davis, M., 2001. Socio-economic impacts of rural electrification inNamibia: comparisons between grid, solar and unelectrified households. Energy forSustainable Development, 5, 5-13.WECS, 2006. Energy Synopsis Report: Nepal. Water and Energy CommissionSecretariat, Government of Nepal.Acknowledgement:We would like to especially thank M. Khadka of National Area Based DevelopmentProgramme of Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, Afghanistan for hisvaluable support in providing the information and data.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 381
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
Page 334 and 335: Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
Page 336 and 337: Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
Page 338 and 339: Session 12 - Energy for Developing
Page 340 and 341: Risø International Energy Conferen
Page 350 and 351: existing renewable energy technolog
Page 352 and 353: useful energyend energysecondary en
Page 354 and 355: parts or the means of enforcing war
Page 356 and 357: The development of micro-hydro proj
Page 358 and 359: Table 1. Electric power generation
Page 360 and 361: 5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
Page 362 and 363: IntroductionElectricity has become
Page 364 and 365: of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
Page 366 and 367: Hilmand provinces have comparativel
Page 368 and 369: ….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
Page 370 and 371: case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
Page 372 and 373: ing down the cost of solar PV modul
Page 374 and 375: 3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
Page 376 and 377: The levelized costs of electricity
Page 378 and 379: Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
Page 380 and 381: The analysis reveals that fuel cost
Page 382 and 383: In case of DG, we have looked with
Page 386 and 387: Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
Page 388 and 389: power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
Page 390 and 391: 83,385 to 109,108 while the number
Page 392 and 393: other purposes so that reduced fare
Page 394 and 395: emissions studies is that they were
Page 396 and 397: where I (·) is the indicator funct
Page 398 and 399: increases, individuals acquire more
Page 400 and 401: while that of other means of transp
Page 402 and 403: into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
Page 404 and 405: impact. In general, income is found
Page 406 and 407: 7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
Page 414 and 415: compressed air storages, demand sit
Page 416 and 417: Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
Page 426 and 427: Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
Page 428 and 429: Night time charging increases with
Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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