Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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8especially in the area of wind energy. However, the support level in these countries is notparticularly high compared with other countries analysed here.6 ConclusionsThe major success stories of this growth in RES-E in EU member states in recent yearshas been triggered by FIT which are implemented in a technology-specific manner andinvolve rather modest costs for European citizens. The main reason for this observationis the long term price security of the system combined with technology diversification ofsupport. Compared to short term trading in renewable certificate markets the intrinsicstability of feed-in systems appears to be a key element for success.Currently a well-designed (dynamic) FIT system provides a certain deployment of RES-E in the shortest time and at rather low costs for society. The experiences made with FITsystems have shown several advantages compared to trading schemes at least for threereasons: (a) a FIT system is easy to implement and can be revised to account for newcapacities in a very short time; (b) administration costs are usually lower than forimplementing a national trading scheme. This fact is especially important for smallcountries where a competitive national trading scheme is difficult to implement; (c) Theadvantage of a technology-specific FIT, which helps to diminish the producer surplus, isthe higher the steeper the cost curve is.In recent years, quota-based TGC systems have shown a lower effectiveness (but withimproving tendencies where support is applied technology-specific via banding)although comparatively high profit margins are possible. Firstly, a major problem are thehigh producer profits for the cheapest options in the market given a steep cost curve asdepicted in Fig. 4. This leads to high additional costs for customers. Secondly, marketmechanisms seem to fail in TGC-systems In addition, it is hard to imagine that aEuropean-wide TGC market disconnected from the large incumbent generators willwork. The large incumbent utilities tend to favour TGC, since this scheme gives them thechance to earn higher profits.Summing up a major result of these analyses is that the investigated FIT systems areeffective at a relatively low producer profit. A well-designed (dynamic) FIT systemprovides a certain deployment of RES-E in the shortest time and at reasonable costs forsociety.7 References[1] European Parliament and Council, Directive of the European Parliament and of theCouncil on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sourcesin the internal electricity market, Directive 2001/77/EC - 27 September 2001,Brussels, 2001.[2] European Commission, Directive on the promotion of the use of energy fromrenewable sources, Brussels, 2009.[3] Resch G, Faber T, Ragwitz M, Held A, Panzer C, Haas R. 20% RES by 2020 – abalanced scenario to meet Europe’s renewable energy target. Report compiled byTU Wien / EEG in cooperation with Fraunhofer ISI within the Intelligent Energyfor Europe - project futures-e (Contract no. EIE/06/143/SI2.444285), Vienna,Austria, 2008.[4] Johnston A, Neuhoff K, Fouquet D, Ragwitz M, Resch G,.The proposed new EUrenewables directive: interpretation, problems and prospects. European Energy andEnvironmental Law Review, 2008, 17(3),126–145.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 74
[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and effectiveness of promotion systems for electricitygeneration from renewable energy sources, In Press, ENERGY – The Internationaljournal 2011.[6] Haas R, Meyer NI, Held A, Finon D, Lorenzoni A; Wiser R, Nishio K. A review ofpromotion strategies for electricity from renewable energy sources inF.P.Sioshansi “Competitive Electricity market” Elsevier Publishers, 2008..[7] Held A, Haas R, Ragwitz M. On the success of policy strategies for the promotion ofelectricity from renewable energy sources in the EU. In: Energy & Environment,2006, 17 (6), 849-868.[8] Auer H, Resch G, Haas R, Held A, Ragwitz M. Regulatory instruments to deliver thefull potential of renewable energy sources efficiently, in: special issue of theEuropean Review of Energy Markets (EREM) journal, on "Incentives for a lowcarbonenergy future", Vol 3(2), 2009, 91-124.[9] Klessmann C, Nabe Ch, Burges K. Pros and cons of exposing renewables toelectricity market risks—a comparison of the market integration approaches inGermany, Spain, and UK. Energy Policy 36, 2008, 3646–3661.[10] Komor P. Renewable Energy Policy, Diebold Institute for Public Policy Studies,New York, 2003.[11] Menanteau P, Finon D, Lamy ML. Prices versus quantities :environmental policiesfor promoting the development of renewable energy". In: Energy Policy, 2003, 31(8), 799-812.[12] Meyer NI. European schemes for promoting renewables in liberalised markets. In:Energy Policy, 2003, 31 (7), 665-676.[13] Meyer NI. Influence of government policy on the promotion of wind power, Int. J.Global Energy Issues, 2006, 25 (3/4), 204-218.[14] Fürsch M, Golling C, Nicolosi M, Wissen R, Lindenberger D. European RES-EPolicy Analysis - A model based analysis of RES-E deployment and its impact onthe conventional power market. Institute of Energy Economics at the University ofCologne, 2010.[15] Midtun A, Gautesen K. Feed in or certificates, competition or complementarity?Combining a static efficiency and a dynamic innovation perspective on thegreening of the energy industry. Energy Policy, 2007, 35, 1419–1422.[16] Haas R, Eichhammer W, Huber C, Langniss O, Lorenzoni A, Madlener R,Menanteau P, Morthorst PE, Martins, A, Oniszk A. How to promote renewableenergy systems successfully and effectively. Energy Policy, 2004, 32 (6), 833-839.[17] Ragwitz M, Held A, Resch G, Faber,T, Haas R, Huber C, Morthorst PE, Jensen SG,Coenraads R, Voogt M, Reece G, Konstantinaviciute I, Heyder B. OPTRES.Assessment and optimisation of renewable energy support schemes in theEuropean electricity market. Final report, Karlsruhe, 2007.[18] Van der Linden NH, Uyterlinde MA, Vrolijk L, Nilsson J, Khan K, Astrand, K,Ericsson K, Wiser R. Review of international experience with renewable energyobligation support mechanisms. Petten, Netherlands, ECN-C-05-025, 2005.[19] Jacobsson S, Bergek A, Finon D, Lauber V, Mitchell C, Toke D, Verbruggen A. EUrenewable energy support policy: Faith or facts? Energy Policy, 37, 6,2009, 37(6),2143-2146[20] Ragwitz M, del Rio P, Resch G. Assessing the advantages and drawbacks ofgovernment trading of guarantees of origin for renewable electricity in Europe.Energy Policy 37, 2009, 300–307.[21] Toke D. The EU renewables directive—what is the fuss about trading? EnergyPolicy 36, 2008, 3001–3008.9Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 75
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
Page 27 and 28: "Spurring investments in renewable
Page 29 and 30: Integrating climate change adaptati
Page 31 and 32: transport, and finance. Energy prov
Page 33 and 34: northern South America, the Caribbe
Page 35 and 36: Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
Page 37 and 38: More generally, a number of no- or
Page 39 and 40: 6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
Page 41 and 42: Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
Page 43 and 44: Factors affecting stakeholder perce
Page 45 and 46: Another study conducted in Japan wa
Page 47 and 48: 4 The effect of information on stak
Page 49 and 50: Furthermore, communication to stake
Page 51 and 52: Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
Page 55 and 56: The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
Page 57 and 58: The majority of the individual stru
Page 59 and 60: Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
Page 61 and 62: Section 5 summarises the key issue
Page 63 and 64: Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
Page 65 and 66: In addition, district heating syste
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
Page 69 and 70: Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
Page 71 and 72: 1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
Page 73 and 74: 3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
Page 75 and 76: 54 Country-specific Lessons learned
Page 77: 7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
Page 81 and 82: The development and diffusion of re
Page 83 and 84: a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
Page 85 and 86: applicants are invited to submit a
Page 87 and 88: nies that provide upstream and down
Page 89 and 90: for both technology users and produ
Page 91 and 92: Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
Page 93 and 94: treatment to imported renewable ene
Page 95 and 96: In Canada, the federal government i
Page 97 and 98: grid access, subsidies and land off
Page 99 and 100: In 2010, China’s total wind insta
Page 101 and 102: Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
Page 103 and 104: Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
Page 105 and 106: Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
Page 107 and 108: their precise scope and nature diff
Page 109 and 110: 60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
Page 111 and 112: discriminatory manner on domestic a
Page 113 and 114: the European Union, the North Ameri
Page 115: ended. China lost this case because
Page 118 and 119: As most countries in the world are
Page 120 and 121: Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
Page 122 and 123: 1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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Page 126 and 127: This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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into CO 2 . For all oil and oil pro
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impact. In general, income is found
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7 ReferenceAlperovich, G., Deutsch,
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Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
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Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
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2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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compressed air storages, demand sit
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Fig. 3: Options for underground sto
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3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
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Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
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3.1 Base caseA northern European en
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4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Furthermore, a slight decrease in t
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Night time charging increases with
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Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
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atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
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negative net load, can be expected
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25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
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800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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[4] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "C
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Compressed Air Energy Storage in Of
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compressed air caverns, corrosion-r
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Figure 3: Distribution of salt depo
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Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
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spinning reserves can be provided b
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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis pa
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Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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