Energy Systems and Technologies for the Coming Century ...

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7 Discussion and conclusionsThis paper compares an onshore AA-CAES with placing it offshore or an interconnectorincrease to a hydropower-dominated system. It concludes that placing an AA-CAES unitoffshore is technically feasible, though at higher cost. The selected power priceassumptions are comparatively high, which is generally beneficial for storage units.While the storage can interact with several intraday markets when it is placed offshore,this advantage is outweighed by the fact that it can provide spinning reserves onshore.The provision of spinning reserves through HVDC cables is a subject of ongoingdiscussions and therefore, the results might overestimate the benefit of the onshoresiting. In every case, the onshore operation mode dominated by spinning reserves isremarkable and to the authors’ knowledge the first time that this has been shownexplicitly for an AA-CAES facility. Another aspect of having a storage unit onshore isthat in scarce supply, both the import cable and the storage can contribute to coveringlocal demand. If the storage is placed offshore, the total contribution is the import cablecapacity (including storage generation). This is also an important conclusion for the ideaof building integrated generation/hydro-storage units (PowerIslands) offshore.For the future, it seems that AA-CAES is a promising technology that requires furtherresearch. Especially the round-trip efficiency of 70% needs to be validated. AA-CAESmay prove valuable if international interconnections of several dozen gigawatts, as e.g.suggested by the German Advisory Council on the Environment (2011), cannot be built.However, onshore or nearshore locations in Germany, the Netherlands, the UnitedKingdom or Denmark seem more promising than far-offshore locations.Public acceptance, locally scarce availability of geologic structures as well asenvironmental concerns and permission issues may be reasons for placing AA-CAESunits nearshore, but in a way that they are not separated from their home country’selectricity market by interconnector constraints.8 AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency(BSH), the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and NuclearSafety (BMU) and Projektträger Jülich for their coordinated effort on publishing winddata from the FINO1 platform in the North Sea.9 ReferencesBarth, R.;Brand, H.;Meibom, P.; Weber, C. A stochastic unit commitment model for theevaluation of the impacts of the integration of large amounts of wind power, 9thInternational Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems,Stockholm, 2006.Crotogino, F., Donadei, S. Grid scale energy storage in salt caverns. Conferencepresentation at the Risø International Energy Conference 2011.Dena (German Energy Agency): dena Grid Study II – Integration of Renewable EnergySourcesin the German Power Supply System from 2015 – 2020with an Outlook to 2025,2011.EWEA, 2009. Oceans of Opportunity – Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energyresource. Report by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA).Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 4
Gatzen, C. The Economics of Power Storage – Theory and Empirical Analysis forCentral Europe. PhD thesis, University of Cologne, 2008.German Advisory Council on the Environment, 2011. Pathways towards a 100%renewable electricity system. Special report, January 2011.Meibom, P.; Barth, R.; Hasche, B.: Brand, H.: O’Malley, M. Stochastic optimisationmodel to study the operational impacts of high wind penetrations in Ireland, IEEETransactions of Power Systems, 2011, epublished, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2070848.Nørgaard, P., Holttinen, H. A Multi-Turbine Power Curve Approach. Nordic WindPower Conference, 1-2 March 2004, Chalmers University of Technology.Radgen, P.; Calaminus, B.; Marquardt,R.; Nekrassov, A. The Economics of CompressedAir Energy Storage under various Framework Conditions. Power Gen Europe,Amsterdam 8.-10. June 2010.Stacey, A. UK Offshore Salt Cavern Gas Storage Development. Solution MiningResearch Institute Spring 2008 Technical Conference, 28-29 April 2008, Porto, Portugal.Swider, D.J. Compressed Air Energy Storage in an Electricity System With SignificantWind Power Generation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, (22)2007.Tuohy, A; Meibom, P.; Denny, E.; O’Malley, M. Unit commitment for systems withsignificant wind penetration, IEEE Transactions of Power Systems, (24) 2009, 592-601.Zunft, S; Jakiel, C.; Koller, M.; Bullough, C. Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storagefor the Grid Integration of Wind Power. Sixth International Workshop on Large-ScaleIntegration of Wind Power and Transmission Networks for Offshore Windfarms, 26-28October 2006, Delft, the Netherlands.Risø International Energy Conference 2011 Proceedings Page 4
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Energy Systems and Technologies for
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ContentsSessions overview 1Programm
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sessions overview08:00-09:00Coffee
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11:00 - 12:30 session 6A - Bioenerg
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ContactSustainable Energy, Technica
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Penetration of new energy technolog
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how decisions are made and by whom
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(9) is the logaritimic expansion of
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(16)we may finally write Eq(14) in
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Table 1: Fast track cases for new r
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Peterka V. Macrodynamics of technol
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Growth in clean and reliable energy
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Conclusion - an ambitious vision an
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"Spurring investments in renewable
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Integrating climate change adaptati
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transport, and finance. Energy prov
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northern South America, the Caribbe
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Table 1: Energy system adaptation s
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More generally, a number of no- or
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6 ReferencesADB, 2005. Climate proo
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Sailor, D.J., Smith, M., Hart, M.,
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Factors affecting stakeholder perce
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Another study conducted in Japan wa
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4 The effect of information on stak
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Furthermore, communication to stake
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Shackley S, McLachlan C, Gough C (2
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Figure 1: Potential CO 2 storage si
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The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceo
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The majority of the individual stru
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Development. Project no. ENK6-CT-19
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Section 5 summarises the key issue
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Table 1. Efficiencies for new large
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In addition, district heating syste
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6.4 Model results from EFDA-TIMESIn
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Maisonnier, D., et al. (2007), Powe
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1Efficiency and effectiveness of pr
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3Stromerzeugung [TWh/a]250200150100
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54 Country-specific Lessons learned
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7100%90%80%quota fullfilment (%)70%
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[5] Haas R., et al: Efficiency and
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The development and diffusion of re
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a. Offshore wind in DenmarkDenmark
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applicants are invited to submit a
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nies that provide upstream and down
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for both technology users and produ
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Trade Disputes over Renewable Energ
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treatment to imported renewable ene
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In Canada, the federal government i
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grid access, subsidies and land off
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In 2010, China’s total wind insta
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Source: Renewables 2010 Global Stat
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Source: REN 21, Renewables 2010 Glo
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Source: adapted from REN21, 2010It
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their precise scope and nature diff
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60 daysBy 2 nd DSBmeetingConsultati
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discriminatory manner on domestic a
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the European Union, the North Ameri
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ended. China lost this case because
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As most countries in the world are
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Session 3A - Energy SystemsRisø In
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1 IntroductionWith the introduction
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occur. This is an undesirably burea
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This curve could be used as a new t
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ut for the total consumption, and i
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This gives the LBR an opportunity t
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concludes that the subsurface conta
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to constrain the evaluation. In add
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Fig. 2 SW-NE trending seismic profi
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Fig. 5. Petrophysical evaluation of
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ConclusionsThe Danish subsurface co
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Performance of Space Heating in aMo
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[5],[10],[11],[16],[18],[20],[26].
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2/3 Sun1 Coal1/3 ElPower plantHP1 H
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25002000Surplus(min(wind,prod-cons)
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160CO 2 emission per unit heat prod
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The calculations have been based on
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Session 3B - smart gridsRisø Inter
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2 Myopic Investments2.1 The Balmore
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Moreover, this model is formulated
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Reducing Electricity Demand Peaks b
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3 Event Driven Scheduling Algorithm
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5 Mapping Teletraffic Theory to Ene
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6.2 Results and Performance Metrics
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration and
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Virtual Power PlantAggregatorSuperm
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C p,rC p,fT rT fW cφ sT a(UA) raHe
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Total PowerP.G. #1P.G. #2C.R. #1201
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the availability payment.Simulation
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The constraint in Eq. (16) has the
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The FlexControl concept - a vision,
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can react on requests for power reg
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3 ControlThe concept is based solel
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one hour to the next - correspondin
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4 ProtectionThe protection of the p
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Session 4 - Efficiency Improvements
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the product portfolio point of view
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Figure 4: Principle flow sheet of t
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process information needed are seld
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AIRFINE®(Reference)MEROS®Ca(OH)2M
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4 Conclusion & DiscussionThe Eco-Ca
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1 Energy policy and EU directivesTh
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iomass CHP, heat pumps, electric bo
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Fig. 1: How to supply a growing hea
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Session 5A - Wind Energy IRisø Int
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The average cumulative growth rate
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turbines is expected to create a st
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O&MGridWindturbineSubstructureFigur
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Another idea is to harvest energy f
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9. Shimon Awerbuch, Determining the
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engaged in wind energy assessment,
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treated in such a way to make them
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Figure 5: Map showing the estimated
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Figure 9: The annual mean power den
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mix is required. For example diurna
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Session 5B - Wind Energy IIRisø In
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TABLE ISOME OF THE WIND TURBINE MAN
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China, has prompted all parties, in
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to the high shaft speed. Furthermor
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Superconductors must be kept cold b
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an annual increase in demand of 6%,
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Improved High Temperature Supercond
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our study to a single set of deposi
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3.2 Yttrium-enriched YBCO thin film
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Fig. 5. AC-susceptibility dependenc
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The j C (B) dependence at 50 K for
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Session 6A - Bioenergy IRisø Inter
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The European politicians are faced
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The fast growing demand for biomass
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Figure 2: Avedøre Power Plant in C
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Figure 5: Concept for a sustainable
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The role of biomass and CCS in Chin
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2.2.1 CCS Potential for ChinaCCS is
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80%70%60%China's share ofglobal CO
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In general, if the CCS technology d
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with high implementation of CCS Chi
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The European Biofuels Policy: from
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aimed to promote agriculture-based
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(EC, 2009b), and internationally vi
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Session 6B - Bio Energy IIRisø Int
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The commercial scale production of
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the production process parameters,
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NutrientWaterAlgal cultureproductio
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Schenk, P.M., Thomas-Hall, S.R., St
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Liquid biofuels from blue biomassZs
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Even though final ethanol yields we
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Integrated Gasification SOFC Plant
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2.1 Modelling of SOFCThe SOFC model
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where g 0 , R an T are the specific
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hand side y-axis corresponds to eff
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The moister content for these three
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Use of Methanation for Optimization
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power production from utilizing the
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2.1 Model DescriptionThe developed
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Figure 3: Flow sheet of methanation
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efficiency and turbine inlet temper
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[14] DNA - A Thermal Energy System
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On the effectiveness of standards v
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educing new car emissions to 120 g
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In addition energy consumption E an
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coefficient γ for the impact of fu
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400200Change in energy (PJ)01980 19
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Figure 9 depict scenarios for the f
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What are customers willing to pay f
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Randomly, continuous up to ±50%Acc
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The likelihood for the model is giv
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eally means that this factor and no
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Table 5-1 Parameter estimates from
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Table 6-2 Willingness to pay for 10
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Session 12 - Energy for Developing
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Risø International Energy Conferen
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existing renewable energy technolog
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useful energyend energysecondary en
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parts or the means of enforcing war
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The development of micro-hydro proj
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Table 1. Electric power generation
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5 ReferencesBajgain, S., Shakya, I.
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IntroductionElectricity has become
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of 2008, 43.6% of the total populat
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Hilmand provinces have comparativel
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….. eq. 5LCOE is the net present
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case of Nepal, it is 5% (Trading ec
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ing down the cost of solar PV modul
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3.3 Serving the rural areas with na
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The levelized costs of electricity
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Figure 4. Variation in LCOE with si
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The analysis reveals that fuel cost
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In case of DG, we have looked with
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Gross, R., Blyth, W., Heptonstall,
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Mode of Transport to Work, Car Owne
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power parity (PPP) basis, GDP per c
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83,385 to 109,108 while the number
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other purposes so that reduced fare
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emissions studies is that they were
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where I (·) is the indicator funct
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increases, individuals acquire more
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while that of other means of transp
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Page 408 and 409: Table 1: Definitions of Variables a
Page 410 and 411: Session 13 - Energy StorageRisø In
Page 412 and 413: 2 Storage demand and resulting stor
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Page 418 and 419: 3.5 Geological potential in EuropeF
Page 420 and 421: Sensitivity on Battery Prices and C
Page 422 and 423: 3.1 Base caseA northern European en
Page 424 and 425: 4 ResultsThe model is run on a comp
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Page 430 and 431: Lithuanian Energy Institute, PSE In
Page 432 and 433: atteries, Compressed Air Energy Sto
Page 434 and 435: negative net load, can be expected
Page 436 and 437: 25%Pct. of the year20%15%10%5%0.5-0
Page 438 and 439: 800006000040000MWh200000Netload-200
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Page 448 and 449: Figure 6: EWEA's 20 year Offshore N
Page 450 and 451: spinning reserves can be provided b
Page 454: Risø DTU is the National Laborator
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