12th International Conference on Harmful Algae

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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006markedly reduced in the shakentreatments. The different degree ofsensitivity to turbulence exhibited byeach species appears to be linkedto the initial physiological state ofthe community during the bloom.PO.09-11A new yessotoxin isomer fromProtoceratium reticulatumSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsJared Loader 1 , Christoph Miles 2 , AllanD. Hawkes 1 , Dwayne J. Jensen 3 ,Jannie M. Cooney 3 , VeronicaBeuzenberg 4 , Alistair Wilkins 51 AgResearch Limited, HAMILTON, NewZealand2 2National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway3 HortResearch Ltd, HAMILTON, NewZealand4 Cawthron Institute, NELSON, NewZealand5 The University of Waikato, HAMILTON,New ZealandA new isomer of yessotoxin wasisolated from extracts of NewZealand Protoceratium reticulatumcultures during large-scalepurification of yessotoxin. Structuralinformation was gained by LC-UV,LC-MS3 and NMR spectroscopy.The information obtained identifiesthe isomeric alteration is confined tothe side chain substructure. Thestructural variation results in anincrease in hydrophilicity of themolecule and a markedly earlierelution time compared to yessotoxinunder reverse-phasechromatographic conditions.LC-UV and LC-MS3 data alsoconfirmed the presence of otherunknown yessotoxin analogues inthe P. reticulatum extracts.PO.08-11Effects of cyanobacteriaingestion on Daphnia magnamidgut epithelium andassociated diverticulaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyA Lobo-da-Cunha, IC GuimarãesNogueira, VM VasconcelosCiimar, PORTO, PortugalThe effects of ingested CYN(cylindrospermopsin)-producingcyanobacteria on the digestive tractof D. magna were investigated bylight and electron microscopy.Cladoceran survival when feedingon cyanobacteria was alsoevaluated. We used as food threecyanobacteria differing in theirability to produce CYN: CYNproducingC. raciborskii, CYNproducingA. ovalisporum and CYNnon-producingC. raciborskii. Inorder to analyze cyanobacterialnutritional value, individuals werealso exposed to a green alga(Ankistrodesmus falcatus). Othercontrols were given no food. Themidgut from individuals fed withCYN-non-producing C. raciborskiirevealed two distinct features: someindividuals showed features likeunfed individuals, whereas othersshowed features similar to those fedA. falcatus. In contrast, the midgutfrom individuals fed A. ovalisporumshowed features resembling thoseof unfed individuals. In individuals ofD. magna fed CYN-producing C.raciborskii, the midgut showedsevere cell disorganization,suggesting another activemetabolite. Our results show thatcyanobacteria can be a toxic andinadequate food source for D.magna, due to low digestibility andto toxin content. The toxic effectsobserved were also illustrated bysurvival evaluation. Moreover, theCYN-producing C. raciborskii strain225
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006used in this study may, in addition,produce another(s) secondarymetabolite(s) responsible for thedisruption of epithelial cell adhesionsystems, but not yet identified.PO.12-04Evolutionary relationshipsbetween two winter-bloomingphotosynthetic dinoflagellatesand heterotrophic Pfiesteria-likespeciesSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyRE Logares 1 , K Rengefors 1 , A Kremp 21 Lund University, LUND, Sweden2 Tvärminne Zoological Station, University ofHelsinki, HANKO, FinlandPeridinium aciculiferum is afreshwater dinoflagellate normallyfound in north-temperate lakes.Scrippsiella hangoei is a marinebrackishdinoflagellate endemicfrom the Baltic Sea. Bothmorphospecies are importantcomponents of the winterphytoplankton community andgenerally bloom below the ice-capat the end of the winter. The twomorphospecies differ in habitat,general morphology and physiology.However, they share identicalnuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU, ITS1-2, 5.8S and LSU) and very similarmitochondrial cytochrome b (COB)sequences, indicating a recentevolutionary divergence. AFLPfingerprinting shows that the twomorphospecies are presentlygenetically isolated. The SSU andCOB phylogenies indicate that bothmorphospecies are evolutionaryrelated to estuarine species similarto Pfiesteria. Morphological dataagree with phylogenies: the platepatterns of P. aciculiferum and S.hangoei are very similar to thePfiesteria-like Shepard’s-Crookspecies, and the three taxa appearas most closely related in the SSUphylogenies. Some Pfiesteria andPfiesteria-like species are wellknown toxin producers.Interestingly, P. aciculiferum is oneof the few freshwater dinoflagellatesknown to produce allelopathicsubstances, and there is someevidence that S.hangoei producetoxins. An interesting difference isthat Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-likespecies are heterotrophic, while P.aciculiferum and S. hangoei havechloroplasts. We are presentlyinvestigating the origin of theirchloroplasts.PO.08-22Comparative pathogenicity ofCochlodinium polykrikoides fromthe York River, Virginia, USA andthe Gulf of CaliforniaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyVJ Lovko, WK VogelbeinVirginia Institute of Marine Science,GLOUCESTER POINT, United States ofAmericaCochlodinium polykrikoides is aglobally distributed mixotrophicdinoflagellate that forms massiveblooms worldwide. These bloomshave been associated with fish killsin Japan, Korea, the Gulf of Mexicoand the northwest coast of NorthAmerica and C. polykrikoides isoften considered a toxic alga,although the mechanisms ofpathogenicity have not been clearlyidentified. Other regions includingthe east coast of North Americaalso experience blooms of C.polykrikoides, although noassociation with fish kills has beenreported. We conductedcomparative larval fish bioassays(Cyprinodon variegatus) with bloomderivedcultures of C. polykrikoidescollected from the York River,226
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12th International Conference on Harmful Algae

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