12th International Conference on Harmful Algae

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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis,Aphanizomenon, and Lyngbya. Theevolution and possible horizontaltransfer of these genes betweencyanobacteria and dinoflagellates,and how the production of thesetoxins is regulated on the geneticlevel have also been investigated.Based on the structural genomicinformation and the catalyticactivities of heterologouslyexpressed saxitoxin biosynthesisgenes, the previously proposedbiosynthetic pathway for saxitoxinhas been revised.O.11-02Microsatellite markers revealpopulation genetic structure inthe noxious red tide-causingalgae Heterosigma akashiwo(Raphidophyceae) in Japanesecoastal waters.Session: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:00 - 17:20Satoshi Nagai 1 , S Yamaguchi 1 , CLLian 2 , Y Matsuyama 1 , S Itakura 11 Fisheries Research Agency of Japan,HIROSHIMA, Japan2 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, JapanWe isolated 13 polymorphicmicrosatellites from the noxious redtide-causing algae, Heterosigmaakashiwo. These loci provide aclass of highly variable geneticmarkers as the number of allelesranged from 3 to 12 and theobserved and expectedheterozygosity ranged from 0.286 to0.926 and from 0.314 to 0.888,respectively. Each locus showedeither one or two bands for eachindividual, indicating homozygous orheterozygote state in a diploid. Herewe present the genetic analysis ofH. akashiwo populations fromseveral sites along the Japanesecoastal waters. We finished themicrosatellite analysis at 3 areas ofJapan thus far and the analysisshowed that highly significantdifferentiation was detected in all 3pairwise comparisons afterBonferroni correction in the Fisher’stest and that genetic distance (Nei1972) was ranged from 0.27 to0.61, showing remarkably higherthan those seen in Alexandriumtamarense populations (0.07-0.29).These results clearly indicate thatgenetic isolation and restricted geneflow via natural dispersal throughtidal currents has occurred amongthe populations. The microsatelliteanalysis of another local populationsis now undertaken and we wouldlike to present the more detailinformation on genetic structure inH. akashiwo populations inJapanese costal waters at theconference.O.11-03Genetic differentiation andphenotypic characteristics ofgeographically separatedpopulations of the Alexandriumtamarense North AmericanribotypeSession: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:20 - 17:40T Alpermann 1 , U John 1 , U Tillmann 1 ,KM Evans 2 , S Nagai 3 , DM Anderson 4 ,AD Cembella 11 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Royal Botanic Garden, EDINBURGH,United Kingdom3 National Research Institute of Fisheries,HIROSHIMA, Japan4 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,MASSACHUSETTS, United States ofAmericaThe ‘Alexandrium tamarensespecies complex’ containsprominent paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP) toxin producersthat can be further discriminatedeither on the basis of morphological53
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006characteristics or by DNA sequencedivergence. The North Americanclade, as defined by its LSUribosomal DNA sequence, is themost widely distributedrepresentative of the PSP toxinproducingA. tamarense clades.Populations of this clade causerecurrent blooms in many regions ofthe world. Natural populations fromNorth America, Northern Europeand Japan exhibit notable geneticdifferentiation that can be detectedby molecular markers with differentresolution properties. Whereasmolecular sequence analysis ofribosomal DNA yields only a coarseresolution pattern of regionalsubclades, mitochondrial DNAsequences and microsatellites, aswell as Amplified Fragment LengthPolymorphism (AFLP) analysis,allow the estimation of geneticdifferentiation between contiguouspopulations. No congruence of anyof the genetic markers were foundbetween the expression of PSPtoxin phenotypes or allelochemicalproperties that can affect grazers orcompeting algal species, but interpopulationdifferences in PSP toxinprofile were apparent on a broadgeographical scale. The variableexpression of the allelopathicphenotype within a population fromNorthern Europe was used toexperimentally test the protectivebenefit of allelochemical propertieson bloom formation.O.11-04Genetic differences betweenKarlodinium veneficum strains:using DNA variation tounderstand strain variation at thebloom, regional and worldwidelevelSession: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:40 - 18:00TR BachvaroffUMBI, BALTIMORE, United States ofAmericaKarlodinium veneficum is a toxicbloom forming dinoflagellate foundin estuarine systems throughout theworld. Strains from the U. S. Atlanticcoast (24 strains), the North Sea (3)and the Pacific (3) as well as asingle Mediterranean strain wereused to understand the geneticbasis of the wide range of karlotoxintypes and cellular quotas observedamong strains of K. veneficum. Thephenotype is expressed asdifferences in toxin (pg) per cell,toxin type, and pigment tochlorophyll ratios. Differences ingenotype were determined usinggenetic loci isolated from a library ofenriched repeat sequences. TheITS sequence and pigment ratioscan distinguish between U.S.Atlantic coast strains and Europeanor Pacific isolates. Simple sequencerepeats, or microsatellite loci candistinguish among the U.S. strains.Further, one marker, KvF4 yields a485 bp fragment for U.S.Chesapeake Bay strains producingkarlotoxin 1 while the same locusyields a 283 bp fragment for allother US strains producingkarlotoxin 2. Generally, thesegenetic markers can be divided intothose useful for distinguishingbetween different isolates from thesame bloom, those that distinguishstrains from the same region, andthose that distinguish betweenstrains from different parts of theworld.O.12-01In vivo exposure to microcystinsinduced DNA damage inhaemocytes of the zebra musselas measured with the Cometassay54
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12th International Conference on Harmful Algae

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