Research in Engineering Education Symposium 2011 - rees2009

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also included. Our inclusion is focused on the use of the terms “empathy/care” not because
there is no evidence of attributes of empathy and care in other engineering literature. On
the contrary, the evidence for implicit use of attributes of care/empathy is rather strong in
the literature on values and ethics (Love, 1998) and the literature on user-centered design
(Abras, Maloney- Krichmar, Preece, 2004). We chose deliberately to restrict our search to
the actual terms to emphasize the need to establish systematic discourse, which requires
clearly articulated and defined terminology.
Data Collection: The following pieces of data were collected from each article, as
available: full citation, discipline, and summary of the conceptualization(s) of
“empathy/care”, method(s) of teaching “empathy/care”, or professional standard(s)
including “empathy/care.” Examples were not limited to, defining attributes,
characteristics, and requisites of “empathy/care,” heavily cited (influential) authors and
articles conceptualizing “empathy/care,” and verbatim definitions of “empathy/care.”
Analysis: Literature was analysed using constant comparative method (Corbin & Strauss,
1998) and discourse analysis following Gee's framework (2010).
Results
Frequency of conceptualizations in engineering literature
The comprehensive literature review resulted in only twenty-two engineering papers
which embedded the concept of empathy, compared to thousands of empathy-related
papers published in other fields (Table 1). Nearly matching results exist for the term care
(see Table 2).
Engineering Education
Table 1. Engineering Articles that Reflect Empathy (selected)
Berndt, A., & Paterson, C. (2009). Complementing business case studies with humanitarian
case studies: A means of preparing global engineers teaching case. IEEE Transactions on
Professional Communication, 52, 398-410.
Leyden, J.A., & Lucena, J.C. (2009). Listening as a missing dimension in engineering
education: Implications for sustainable community development efforts. IEEE Transactions
on Professional Communication, 52, 359-376.
Schneider, J., Lucena, J., & Leydens, J.A. (2009). Engineering to help. IEEE Technology and
Society Magazine, 28, 42-28.
Riley, D., Horman, M., & Messner, J. (2008). Embedding leadership development in
construction engineering and management education. Journal of Professional Issues in
Engineering Education & Practice, 134, 143-151.
Hey, J. (2007). Self-reflection: Lessons learned in a new product development class. Journal
of Mechanical Design, 129, 668-676.
Proceedings of Research in Engineering Education Symposium 2011
Madrid, 4 th - 7 th October 2011