The Genre of Trolls - Doria

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of a paradisical state on earth (texts 1, 3, 6, 9), either through moral purity as in the story of the self-conceited girl (text 9), or in the otherworld of supernatural beings (texts 1, 3, 6). The latter method represents the non- Christian alternative, whereas the former approach, atonement, is more in line with the Christian tradition. A paradisical condition as actualized in birth-giving without pain is another variant of Paradise on earth (Wolf- Knuts 2000). The other instances of inversion or negation of Biblical intertexts are essentially congruent with the religious tradition as a whole. The inversion of the structure of the story of St. Paul (text 12) in the narrative of the unruly midwife (text 16) actually reaffirms the supremacy of the Biblical text since the midwife’s conduct is disapproved of. Likewise, the negation of the murder of Abel (text 27) in the story of the Storkyro boy (text 21) is in consonance with the Fifth Commandment, “Thou shalt not kill” (Deuteronomy 5: 17). The folklore texts are defending social values as against anti-social ones, and the Biblical narratives as such are not the object of critique. 180 Intertextuality as Ideological Critique
5 INTERTEXTUALITY AS SOCIAL CRITIQUE In chapter 4, I examined intertextual relations between troll texts, other folklore texts and Biblical narratives as an outlet for ideological critique, and in the present chapter I retain the categories of material and the theoretical framework, but shift the focus to intertextuality as social critique, centering on the social status and power of clergymen. Thus, I am still concerned with the first level of the construction of the image of the troll, the texts and discourses out of which the portrait of the troll is woven (see chapter 1.1). In principle these two chapters could be merged into one, but it would turn into a very long chapter, and I have therefore preferred to make them separate ones. Chapter 5.2 offers a more thorough and extensive discussion of my findings in both chapter 4 and chapter 5. 5.1 The Sins of an Exorcist Three texts (SLS 213, 184; text 1: SLS 280: 635–636; text 5: SLS 338: 21–22) prolong the story of abduction studied in chapter 4 by inserting another episode dealing with the banishment of the trolls, and two (text 10: SLS 22, 11: 28–29; text 7: Hembygden 1912: 20–21) feature that episode only. The folktale reverie of beautiful clothes mingles with darker Biblical associations. V. E. V. Wessman’s record from 1917 states it thus: 1) I Koskeby finns ett berg, som kallas Trollberget. En gång gick en flicka efter korna, och då tog trollet henne. En söndag beddes (bad) hon att få gå till kyrkan, och fick också, men hon sku inte få vara så länge, att prästen läste välsignelsen. Hon kom till kyrkan, och var så fint klädd, att allt folk skådade på henne. Hon lydde inte sen trollet utan var där när prästen läste välsignelsen, och då vart de där fina kläderna sådana, som de var då hon körde korna. Sen var en präst två torsdagsmorgnar och läs bort trollen. Första morgonen hade prästen skott på sig vänstra stöveln före, och för detta mojtade (förebrådde, klandrade) trollen han. Andra morgonen var det och något fel med an, eftersom dem inte for, men tredje morgon for dem bort och var som svarta korpar. Dem hade frågat, om dem inte sku få fara till något annat berg, men prästen sa, att dem inte sku få lämna i hela konungariket. – I samma berget finns en källa, som kallas Trullkällan. (SLS 280: 635–636) 1) In Koskeby there is a hill, which is called the Troll Hill. Once a girl went to collect the cows, and then the troll took her. One Sunday she asked to be allowed to go to church, and was given leave, but she would not be allowed to stay until the parson pronounced the benediction. She came to the church, and was so finely dressed that all the people looked at her. She did not obey the troll in the end but was there when the parson pronounced the benediction, and then those fine clothes turned into such as they had been while she was herding the cows. The Sins of an Exorcist 181
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THE GENRE OF TROLLS
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THE GENRE OF TROLLS The Case of a F
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PREFACE I have greatly enjoyed writ
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colleagues to obtain much of my res
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Int
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6.4 Novelization 248 6.5 Integratin
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well. Finally, “3.4 Breaking the
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conception of the troll. 1 The obje
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the tension and interplay between t
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are the same as those of the concep
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the practice of changing babies; he
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orientation of the speaker to the r
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and vivid, while the troll in fairy
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Holbek broaches a subject that will
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make a similar, more extended and s
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such as trolls, jötnar and other b
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one other text can be read (Kristev
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vocabulary of intertextual theory,
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forest—which are connected by met
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various formulations of a theme hav
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constitutes an intertextual network
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of them are not even texts, they ma
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Lotte Tarkka implicitly modelled he
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Laura Stark-Arola’s account of th
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disparate material constituted by t
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so Barthes claims. Nevertheless, Ba
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1.5 Method The choice of material h
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in stories of the supernatural has
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2 MATERIAL AND CONTEXT 2.1 General
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Rancken tried to entice his pupils
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made in the parish of Vörå. One g
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collection was entrusted to kompete
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narrator’s train of thoughts cann
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56 Vöråbon är förbehållsam, re
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58 Vid antecknandet af traditionen
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entitled “En jägares äfventyr
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the verge of a civil war, he travel
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64 och således misstron mot främl
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There are four narratives in these
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Edvard Wefvar, who collected in Nyl
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70 pärlor, värda att hopsamlas oc
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villages: the villages of Rejpelt,
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331; Åkerblom 1963: 301); as menti
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2.3.2 Religious context One of my p
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started giving Bible classes in the
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e made in this context; firstly, th
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for shorter periods. He represented
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in Russia is said to presage the ou
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3 DESCRIPTION OF THE TROLL TRADITIO
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conducive to an encounter with trol
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28, 12). As Inger Lövkrona has poi
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In one story, the troll comes to th
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the unhappy troll to its present ha
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with their beautiful singing and po
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An old troll sports a wand possessi
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to intrude on the wedding and save
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when he was allowed to go to church
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104 do it. Butterbelly was going to
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3.3.2 Tension-Filled Tolerance Man
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on similar motifs as an expression
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110 Jag har av gammalt folk hört e
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which the father of the child is so
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the impertinence of its human frien
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true to its word. The troll will sa
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to return to his cows. The shepherd
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Some texts merely comment on the di
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is complete when the man and his wa
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sacred text, which belongs to the c
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1887, 19), and a lion must dance th
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128 Later when the troll was away,
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Page 148 and 149: y Bolstad Skjelbred, and she regard
Page 150 and 151: After drinking the water of the oth
Page 152 and 153: etween the sexes and age groups. Th
Page 154 and 155: destinataire (ou du personnage), du
Page 156 and 157: inherent in the text relieves these
Page 158 and 159: word or phrase employed instead of
Page 160 and 161: 144 1) Bergtrollen sägas gärna lo
Page 162 and 163: pronounces the benediction. In this
Page 164 and 165: Little Maja refuses to confess her
Page 166 and 167: unaware of the hardships constituti
Page 168 and 169: The theme of vanity recurs here, bu
Page 170 and 171: The image of blindness, concrete in
Page 172 and 173: 156 Så war uti Damasco en lärjung
Page 174 and 175: 158 13) in ánnan påjk råka två
Page 176 and 177: to the everyday world in the manner
Page 178 and 179: 162 Wår egen kraft är här för s
Page 180 and 181: The everyday world - application of
Page 182 and 183: marked. It is a reversion of Saul
Page 184 and 185: 168 guldur. Då husbonden såg penn
Page 186 and 187: The primeval apple mingles with the
Page 188 and 189: his father-in-law against him, Jaco
Page 190 and 191: And when he had spent all, there ar
Page 192 and 193: 176 öfwer henne. Då talade Cain m
Page 194 and 195: 28) Öppna mig förståndets öga,
Page 198 and 199: 182 Later on two Thursday mornings
Page 200 and 201: ather the other way around; on this
Page 202 and 203: other girls are simply too virtuous
Page 204 and 205: the intertwining of various interte
Page 206 and 207: Who had his dwelling among the tomb
Page 208 and 209: 192 10) In those days when there we
Page 210 and 211: 194 spin the hat and ask: ‘Isn’
Page 212 and 213: 196 will stop and pee at the same t
Page 214 and 215: And the princes, governors, and cap
Page 216 and 217: And when she hath found it, she cal
Page 218 and 219: 202 19) Jungfru Lena satt på Kelle
Page 220 and 221: 20) Then cometh he to a city in Sam
Page 222 and 223: And he denied it again. And a littl
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Page 226 and 227: y regulated practices (senses two a
Page 228 and 229: this reluctance demonstrates that d
Page 230 and 231: same was suggested in the case of t
Page 232 and 233: epresentation, embodied in the imag
Page 234 and 235: 6 GENRE, PARODY, CHRONOTOPES AND NO
Page 236 and 237: ounded texts with strong social and
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Page 240 and 241: of many tales (Propp 1970: 99), and
Page 242 and 243: defies the traditional wisdom artic
Page 244 and 245: 228 2) Little Matt Once a workingma
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was married to the eldest and after
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world. His friends are deceitful, h
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indicates that the material used in
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discourse she is an equally enthral
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238 svar éli se dem. tå an ha gai
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240 rummet, stodo utmed dörren ett
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242 under the bed. The boy was look
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listener’s or reader’s expectat
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synchronous (cf. Bakhtin 1986b: 28,
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that he has subverted the ethical f
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stressed in his early works (Bakhti
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collectors, and maybe of his local
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the anxieties of the latter, even t
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In this theory of aesthetic activit
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Here Bakhtin describes perception i
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Bakhtin, the gift of form requires
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all the lies and silences passing b
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creation of aesthetic love. Firstly
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When the troll arrives to extend th
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its chosen form exacerbates its unf
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270 den så grann?” - “Nå, nä
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ecause death seldom furnishes a fin
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7.4 Aborted Dialogues A rather spec
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ization and unfinalizability co-exi
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absolutely necessary ingredient. Ob
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8 DISCUSSION In this dissertation I
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mentalities; in spite of the social
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exhibited the Bakhtinian form of di
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9 ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY AT
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Bakhtin, M. M. 1993: Toward a Philo
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Dentith, Simon 1995: Bakhtinian Tho
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Hartmann, Elisabeth 1936: Die Troll
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Hymes, Dell 1989: Ways of Speaking.
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Mills, Sara 2002: Discourse. Routle
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Siikala, Anna-Leena 2000b: Variatio
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Vice, Sue 1997: Introducing Bakhtin
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R II 131: Löpargossen och hans kat
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3) Tsjittargrå He va’ ejngang e
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yet”, the bear answered. When the
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i sama unjiform, som ’an va i, to
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10) The Three Suitors Once upon a t
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Kaptejnin fréga’ to, om dem int
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the midnight sun. Her husband didn
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5) Vanligtvis hålla sig trollen i
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gick tå å sa åt bondn, hä a sku
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Eve and come there among the trolls
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Fig. 2. The banishment of Adam and
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Fig. 4. The Prodigal Son (Luke 15:2
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Fig. 6. Peter denies Christ (Luke 2
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Fig. 8. The conversion of Paul on t
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