B2B Integration : A Practical Guide to Collaborative E-commerce

354 B2B Integration — A Practical Guide to Collaborative E-commerce
• The information is not known to intruders (confidentiality);
• The information is not altered by unauthorized persons (integrity);
and
• The information is accessible to authorized users (availability).
First generation systems
Analog cellular systems, such as Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT),
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and Total Access
Communication System (TACS) are considered first generation (1G)
technologies. These systems are nowadays considered quite insecure.
Cloning of the analog terminals is possible and in some systems
widespread. Terminal cloning compromises the security of charging,
which leads to loss of profit and reduces the consumer's trust of mobile
service. In many cases, the lack of security has been the main reason
for the decision to prematurely close the 1G networks.
Second generation systems
Second generation (2G) systems use digital radio transmission techniques
and digital speech coding. 2G systems were designed for voice, although
they now also transport a limited amount of low speed data
communication.
The 2G systems include:
• The GSM family which has been adopted world-wide;
• Personal Digital Communications (PDC) used in Japan; and
• Enhanced (digital) versions of the 1st generation United States
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) standard; IS-136 TDMA
and IS-95 CDMA (alias cdmaOne)
The use of digital technology enhances security in two principal
ways:
• Digital technology allows the use of cryptographic methods for
authentication and encryption; and
• Monitoring digital transmission on the radio interface requires
specialized equipment, which is expensive and not freely available.