Asking Questions - The Definitive Guide To Questionnaire Design ...

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272 ASKING QUESTIONS employed. Question 3 is insufficient because many jobs may have the same title. For example, respondents who say they are engineers may (1) design bridges or airplanes or computers, (2) operate a railroad locomotive, (3) tend an engine in a nuclear power plant, or (4) maintain a school building. Similarly, respondents who say they are road construction workers could be foremen if they supervise a road gang, machine operators if they operate a bulldozer, or laborers if they use a pick and shovel. Even asking these four questions may be insufficient if the answers given are vague. Interviewers will need to be trained to ask follow-up probes. For instance, if factory workers say they operate a machine, ask “What kind of machine do you operate?” Nurses would be asked whether they are registered nurses or practical nurses. Teachers would be asked “At what level do you teach?” to distinguish between college and elementary school teachers. Asking About Mobility Sometimes it is necessary to know how long someone has lived in the same location. One useful way to ask this is as follows: 1. Did you live in this house or apartment five years ago? (Do not ask for children under five years old.) Yes No (Ask Q.2.) 2. Where did you live five years ago? The detail used in coding Question 2 depends on what level of detail is required for your research. For many purposes, it may be sufficient to code as different country, different state in the United States, and different address in the same state. Asking About Income Income questions continue to be the most difficult demographic question to ask. Some people overreport their income because of a
ASKING STANDARD DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS 273 social desirability bias, and other people systematically underreport their income. Sometimes this is intentional, and sometimes it happens because people may not know how much each family member earns or because they simply forget to report all sources of income. The U.S. Census Bureau tries to remind respondents of other income sources, but this detailed and time-consuming questioning leads to a much higher refusal rate on this topic because of the time and intrusiveness involved. Currently, as high as 20 percent of respondents do not answer all parts of detailed income questions. Less detailed income questions still have 5 to 10 percent of the answers missing. We present three versions of the income question. The first is the detailed version used by the U.S. Census Bureau, which reduces underreporting but increases nonresponse. The second is a version using branching that was adapted for telephone interviewing, but is now widely used in many face-to-face surveys. The third version is used on self-administered surveys and on some face-to-face surveys as well. 1a. Did you receive any money in wages, salary, commissions, bonuses, or tips during (YEAR)? Yes No 1b. (If Yes): How much did you receive from all jobs before deductions for taxes or other items? $ 2a. During (YEAR) did you receive any money from own nonfarm businesses or farm businesses, including proprietorships and partnerships? Yes No 2b. (If Yes): How much did you receive? Report net income after business expenses. $
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Asking Questions The Definitive Gui
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Norman M. Bradburn Seymour Sudman B
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Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & S
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viii CONTENTS 12. Asking Questions
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Preface This book is a revised and
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PREFACE xiii trate some of the subt
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The Authors Norman M. Bradburn (Ph.
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Asking Questions
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Chapter One The Social Context of Q
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THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF QUESTION ASKI
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Chapter Two Asking Nonthreatening Q
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ASKING NONTHREATENING QUESTIONS ABO
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Figure 2.4. Household Health Diary.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
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80 ASKING QUESTIONS e. The Sealed B
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82 ASKING QUESTIONS asking about te
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84 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 3.2. Que
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86 ASKING QUESTIONS into a car, mig
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88 ASKING QUESTIONS relationship be
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90 ASKING QUESTIONS from 55 percent
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92 ASKING QUESTIONS Illegal Drug Us
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94 ASKING QUESTIONS drinkers—may.
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100 ASKING QUESTIONS It must be rec
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102 ASKING QUESTIONS To illustrate
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104 ASKING QUESTIONS This applies t
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106 ASKING QUESTIONS When some resp
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108 ASKING QUESTIONS drinking quest
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110 ASKING QUESTIONS them less thre
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112 ASKING QUESTIONS Determining th
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114 ASKING QUESTIONS carefully for
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Chapter Four Asking Questions About
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ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT ATTITUDES AN
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Chapter Five Asking and Recording O
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ASKING AND RECORDING QUESTIONS 153
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180 ASKING QUESTIONS 2. Consider wh
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182 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.2. Qu
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184 ASKING QUESTIONS Specific knowl
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186 ASKING QUESTIONS question. Anot
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192 ASKING QUESTIONS Resident Infor
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194 ASKING QUESTIONS It must be rec
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196 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.10. Q
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198 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.11. S
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200 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.11. S
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202 ASKING QUESTIONS question indic
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204 ASKING QUESTIONS state or count
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206 ASKING QUESTIONS respondents wi
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208 ASKING QUESTIONS answers, most
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210 ASKING QUESTIONS on the Web sin
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Chapter Seven Asking Questions that
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ASKING QUESTIONS THAT EVALUATE PERF
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ASKING QUESTIONS THAT EVALUATE PERF
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• Depends heavily on employee’s
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Page 305 and 306: ORGANIZING AND DESIGNING QUESTIONNA
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Page 337 and 338: QUESTIONNAIRES FROM START TO FINISH
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Chapter Twelve Asking Questions FAQ
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ASKING QUESTIONS FAQS 325 tain you
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Do you own an IBM-type of PC? Yes
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ASKING QUESTIONS FAQS 329 Ranking q
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ASKING QUESTIONS FAQS 331 guish bet
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ASKING QUESTIONS FAQS 333 activitie
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336 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RECOMMENDED RE
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348 GLOSSARY object. The term belie
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350 GLOSSARY are entered directly i
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352 GLOSSARY the sex of the respond
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354 GLOSSARY of an IBM card is a on
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356 GLOSSARY individual difference
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358 GLOSSARY overreporting, underre
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360 GLOSSARY because of illness or
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362 GLOSSARY response effect A gene
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364 GLOSSARY questionnaires list th
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Index A Ability, measuring, 197-202
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INDEX 369 Denver, 86; Community che
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INDEX 371 Library card ownership, 8
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INDEX 373 preferences, 167-168; thr
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Appendix A List of Academic and Not
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APPENDIX A 377 Phoenix, AZ 85003-17
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APPENDIX A 379 Fax: 310-206-4453 E-
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APPENDIX A 381 800 Florida Ave., N.
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APPENDIX A 383 E-mail: jbason@arche
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APPENDIX A 385 Phone: 312-996-5300
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APPENDIX A 387 Phone: 785-532-5510
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APPENDIX A 389 Center for the Study
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APPENDIX A 391 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-
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APPENDIX A 393 731 Oldfather Hall L
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APPENDIX A 395 New York Marist Coll
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APPENDIX A 397 Cornell University I
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APPENDIX A 399 225 South Main St. A
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APPENDIX A 401 121 University Pl. P
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APPENDIX A 403 South Dakota Busines
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APPENDIX A 405 Public Policy Resear
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APPENDIX A 407 E-mail: sesrc@wsu.ed
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APPENDIX A 409 England National Cen
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412 APPENDIX B PLEASE CIRCLE ONE CO
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414 APPENDIX B 14. Who purchased th
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416 APPENDIX B 23. What racial/ethn
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Faculty Retention Survey December 2
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2. Professional Life Important to y
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4. Environment Important to you Imp
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Appendix D Kinko’s: Open-ended Se
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