Asking Questions - The Definitive Guide To Questionnaire Design ...

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286 ASKING QUESTIONS and data processing personnel, and they provide important reference points when describing the findings. Main questions are usually numbered consecutively with standard Arabic numerals from 1 to n. Subparts of questions usually follow some sort of outlining procedure. Thus, a question with three parts is usually identified by A, B, C (or by a, b, c). To further identify questions as subparts, they are usually indented. Subparts of subparts are usually identified by numbers placed in parentheses [(1), (2), (3)] and are further indented. Advance Preparation for Data Processing Computer-assisted interviewing requires researchers to make data processing decisions before the study is fielded. Even with paper questionnaires, we would strongly advise you to do as much advance preparation as possible for data processing before you print the questionnaire. If you wait until the interviewing is completed and then discover there are problems in processing the results or analyzing the data, problems can be difficult to solve. Advance preparation saves substantial amounts of time and money later and, even more important, it can help eliminate questions that may not provide the kinds of data anticipated. Even experienced researchers often revise or eliminate several questions in this stage of questionnaire preparation. The major activity in advance preparation for data processing is to precode all closed-ended questions. Precoding simply involves assigning a code number to every possible answer to a closed-ended question. If there are more than ten answers (including “don’t know” and “no answer”), it is necessary to use two or sometimes three-digit precodes. If two-column precodes are used, the first nine codes are 01, 02, . . . , 09 and not 1, 2, . . . , 9. Similarly, if three-digit precodes are used, the numbers are written 001, 002, 003, and so on, not 1, 2, 3. Precoding. In precoding, provision should always be made for “no answer” and “don’t know” possibilities. These categories need not
ORGANIZING AND DESIGNING QUESTIONNAIRES 287 always appear on the questionnaire and should not appear on selfadministered questionnaires. In addition, “no answer” and “don’t know” responses must use distinct numbers in their precodes. Some organizations, for example, routinely use 8 and 9 codes for “don’t know” and “no answer” or 88 and 99 for these codes in two-column precodes. Thus, if there are eight possible answers, excluding the “don’t know” and “no answer” categories, it will be necessary to use two columns instead of one. The same precodes need not be used for the same answer categories of different questions. For processing purposes, different codes make it easier to detect errors in data entry. Care should be taken, however, not to confuse the interviewer or respondent. If confusion could possibly result, the same codes should be used for a series of questions. In the common case of a series of yes-no questions, changing the precodes does not seem to confuse interviewers or respondents, and does reduce the likelihood of data entry errors. The following example shows how you could replace precodes for a series of yes-no questions. Yes No replace with Yes No Q.a. 1 2 1 2 Q.b. 1 2 3 4 Q.c. 1 2 5 6 Assigning Numbers to Precodes. Problems with data analysis may be minimized if you think carefully about the actual numbers you assign as precodes. The following example shows three format options. The category “stay the same” could come in the middle or come at the end. A. During the last few years, has your financial situation been getting better, getting worse, or has it stayed the same? B. During the last few years, has your financial situation been getting better, has it stayed the same, or has it been getting worse?
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Asking Questions The Definitive Gui
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Norman M. Bradburn Seymour Sudman B
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Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & S
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viii CONTENTS 12. Asking Questions
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Preface This book is a revised and
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PREFACE xiii trate some of the subt
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The Authors Norman M. Bradburn (Ph.
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Asking Questions
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Chapter One The Social Context of Q
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THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF QUESTION ASKI
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Chapter Two Asking Nonthreatening Q
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ASKING NONTHREATENING QUESTIONS ABO
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Figure 2.4. Household Health Diary.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
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80 ASKING QUESTIONS e. The Sealed B
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82 ASKING QUESTIONS asking about te
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84 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 3.2. Que
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86 ASKING QUESTIONS into a car, mig
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88 ASKING QUESTIONS relationship be
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90 ASKING QUESTIONS from 55 percent
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92 ASKING QUESTIONS Illegal Drug Us
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94 ASKING QUESTIONS drinkers—may.
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100 ASKING QUESTIONS It must be rec
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102 ASKING QUESTIONS To illustrate
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104 ASKING QUESTIONS This applies t
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106 ASKING QUESTIONS When some resp
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108 ASKING QUESTIONS drinking quest
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110 ASKING QUESTIONS them less thre
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112 ASKING QUESTIONS Determining th
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114 ASKING QUESTIONS carefully for
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Chapter Four Asking Questions About
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ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT ATTITUDES AN
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Chapter Five Asking and Recording O
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ASKING AND RECORDING QUESTIONS 153
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180 ASKING QUESTIONS 2. Consider wh
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182 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.2. Qu
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184 ASKING QUESTIONS Specific knowl
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186 ASKING QUESTIONS question. Anot
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192 ASKING QUESTIONS Resident Infor
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194 ASKING QUESTIONS It must be rec
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196 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.10. Q
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198 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.11. S
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200 ASKING QUESTIONS Figure 6.11. S
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202 ASKING QUESTIONS question indic
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204 ASKING QUESTIONS state or count
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206 ASKING QUESTIONS respondents wi
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208 ASKING QUESTIONS answers, most
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210 ASKING QUESTIONS on the Web sin
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Chapter Seven Asking Questions that
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ASKING QUESTIONS THAT EVALUATE PERF
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• Depends heavily on employee’s
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Page 281 and 282: Chapter Nine Asking Standard Demogr
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Page 337 and 338: QUESTIONNAIRES FROM START TO FINISH
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Page 345 and 346: ASKING QUESTIONS FAQS 325 tain you
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336 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RECOMMENDED RE
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348 GLOSSARY object. The term belie
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350 GLOSSARY are entered directly i
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352 GLOSSARY the sex of the respond
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354 GLOSSARY of an IBM card is a on
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356 GLOSSARY individual difference
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358 GLOSSARY overreporting, underre
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360 GLOSSARY because of illness or
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362 GLOSSARY response effect A gene
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364 GLOSSARY questionnaires list th
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Index A Ability, measuring, 197-202
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INDEX 369 Denver, 86; Community che
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INDEX 371 Library card ownership, 8
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INDEX 373 preferences, 167-168; thr
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Appendix A List of Academic and Not
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APPENDIX A 377 Phoenix, AZ 85003-17
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APPENDIX A 379 Fax: 310-206-4453 E-
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APPENDIX A 381 800 Florida Ave., N.
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APPENDIX A 383 E-mail: jbason@arche
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APPENDIX A 385 Phone: 312-996-5300
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APPENDIX A 387 Phone: 785-532-5510
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APPENDIX A 389 Center for the Study
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APPENDIX A 391 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-
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APPENDIX A 393 731 Oldfather Hall L
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APPENDIX A 395 New York Marist Coll
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APPENDIX A 397 Cornell University I
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APPENDIX A 399 225 South Main St. A
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APPENDIX A 401 121 University Pl. P
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APPENDIX A 403 South Dakota Busines
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APPENDIX A 405 Public Policy Resear
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APPENDIX A 407 E-mail: sesrc@wsu.ed
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APPENDIX A 409 England National Cen
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412 APPENDIX B PLEASE CIRCLE ONE CO
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414 APPENDIX B 14. Who purchased th
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416 APPENDIX B 23. What racial/ethn
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Faculty Retention Survey December 2
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2. Professional Life Important to y
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4. Environment Important to you Imp
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Appendix D Kinko’s: Open-ended Se
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